The Chemistry of Oxygen The Chemistry of Ozone Oxygen as an Oxidizing Agent Peroxides Methods of Preparing O2 The Chemistry of Sulfur The Effect of Differences in the Strength of X-X and X=X Bonds The Effect of Differences in the Electronegativities of Sulfur and Oxygen The Effect of Differences in the Abilities of Sulfur and Oxygen to Expand Their Valence Shell
Group-18 Elements General Properties Physical Properties Chemical Properties Xenon-fluorine compounds Xenon-oxygen compounds Uses Of Noble Gases
CHM 236 Practical Answers
POSITION OF HYDROGEN IN THE PERIODIC TABLE DIHYDROGEN, H2 Occurrence Isotopes of Hydrogen PREPARATION OF DIHYDROGEN, H2 Laboratory Preparation of Dihydrogen Commercial Production of Dihydrogen PROPERTIES OF DIHYDROGEN Physical Properties Chemical Properties Uses of Dihydrogen HYDRIDES Ionic or Saline Hydrides Covalent or Molecular Hydride Metallic or Non-stoichiometric (or Interstitial ) Hydrides WATER Physical Properties of Water Structure of Water Structure of Ice Chemical Properties of Wat...
Electronic configuration Carbon in Organic Chemistry Inorganic Compounds of Carbon Silicon Allotropy Forms of Carbon Compounds of carbon Oxides of Carbon Highlights of Silicon Chemistry Compounds of Silicon Important Compounds of Tin and Lead Uses of Group 14 Elements
Difference in Chemical Behaviour of the First Element Inert Pair Effect Oxidation states and Bond Type Physical properties Chemical Properties Boron and Aluminum Applications of B and Al Aluminum (Al) Production of Al Chemistry of Al Compounds of Aluminum Organoaluminum compounds Gallium (Ga) Thallium (Tl)
THE ELEMENTS GROUP TRENDS NITROGEN STABILITY DIFFERENCE WITH CARBON NITROGEN BONDING PHOSPHORUS BONDING ELECTRONEGATIVITIES NITROGEN DINITROGEN DINITROGEN PREPARATION DINITROGEN USES OVERVIEW OF NITROGEN CHEMISTRY AMMONIA AMMONIA REACTIONS AMMONIA AS A SOLVENT THE HABER PROCESS THE HABER-BOSCH PROCESS AMMONIA PRODUCTION AND USE THE AMMONIUM ION OTHER NITROGEN HYDRIDES AZIDE USES NITROGEN OXIDES NITRATE RADICAL NITROGEN HALIDES NITROUS ACID OSTWALD PROCESS NITRITES NITRATES NITROGEN REACTIVITY...
Hydrogen Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table Isotopes of Hydrogen DIHYDROGEN PREPARATION OF DIHYDROGEN PROPERTIES OF DIHYDROGEN Uses of Dihydrogen HYDRIDES Ionic or Saline Hydrides Covalent or Molecular Hydride Metallic or Non-stoichiometric (or Interstitial) Hydrides
Structural Isomers Stereoisomers Conformational Isomers Configurational Isomers (i) Optical isomers (a) Compound with one Asymmetric Carbon Atom (b) Compound with more than one Asymmetric Carbon Atom (c) Compound with no Asymmetric Carbon Atom (d) Elements of Symmetry (e) Properties of Enantiomers (f) Relative Configuration (g) Absolute Configuration (h) Fischer’s Plane Projection Diagram (i) Optical inactivity in compounds having Chiral Carbon Atom (ii) Geometrical Is...
Introduction ................................................................... 1 Bonding in carbon compounds.............................................. 7 Alkanes .......................................................................16 Alkenes and Alkynes........................................................31 Aromatic compounds........................................................49 Alkyl halides....................................................................61 Alcohols ...........
Chemical tests (a) Water solubility and litmus tests (b) DNP test (c) Chromic acid test (d) Permanganate test (e) Beilstein test Experimental procedure
Erythrose and threose Tartaric acid; meso form Configuration and conformation Compounds with three or more asymmetric carbon atoms D, L nomenclature of sugars
Purification of Organic Compounds Qualitative Analysis Detection of Nitrogen Detection of Sulphur Detection of Carbon and Hydrogen Halogens Phosphorus Oxygen Empirical and Molecular Formular Molecular Shape Viscosity
MODULE 1 Unit 1 Effect of Molecular Architecture on Physical Properties………………………….……….. 1 Unit 2 Structure-Reactivity Relationship…………….……… 14 Unit 3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons……………………….……... 52 Unit 4 Halogen Derivatives of Aromatic Hydrocarbons……. 94
Isomerism: Constitutional Isomers and Stereoisomers Two types of stereoisomers Enantiomers and Chiral Molecules A chiral molecule: 2-butanol Chiral molecules and stereogenic centers Tests for achirality Plane of Symmetry = achiral Nomenclature of Enantiomers: The R,S System Properties of Enantiomers Specific Rotation – a property of an enantiomer Specific rotation of enantiomers Enantiomeric Excess The Synthesis of Chiral Molecules Enantioselective Synthesis