INTRODUCTION Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a type of stem cell with the remarkable ability to self-renew and dierentiate into various cell types of the human body (NIH, 2020). There are two main types of hPSCs: embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated from adult cells through reprogramming (Takahashi et al., 2007). These cells hold great promise for biomedical research and have revolutionized t...
INTRODUCTION Oxygen is an indispensable element for life. Oxidative property of oxygen plays a vital role in various biological phenomena; being essential for life, oxygen can also aggravate the damage within the cell by oxidative events. Oxygen is used by the cell to generate energy and free radicals are formed as a consequence of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production by the mitochondria. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are the by-products resulting from t...
ABSTRACT The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a unique, specialized chemical synapse that plays a crucial role in transmitting and amplifying information from spinal motor neurons to skeletal muscles. NMJ complexity ensures closely intertwined interactions between numerous synaptic vesicles, signaling molecules, ion channels, motor neurons, glia, and muscle fibers, making it difficult to dissect the underlying mechanisms and factors affecting neuro-degeneration and muscle loss. Muscle fiber...
Docking is a structure-based technique which attempts to find the “best” match, between two molecules. Molecular docking can be thought of as a problem of “lock-and-key”, in which one wants to find the correct relative orientation of the “key” which will open up the “lock” (where on the surface of the lock is the key hole, which direction to turn the key after it is inserted, etc.). The explosion of structural informatics, genomics and proteomic plays a major role in leading t...
Table of Contents Certification. ii DEDICATION.. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. iv Abstract. vi CHAPTER ONE. 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION.. 1 CHAPTER TWO.. 3 2.0 Greenhouse gases. 3 2.1 Contribution of ruminants to greenhouse gas.4 CHAPTER THREE. 5 2.0 PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES. 5 3.1 Saponin. 6 3.2 TANNINS. 10 3.3 ESSENTIAL OILS. 13 3.4 ORGANOSULPHUR COMPOUNDS. 17 3.5 �...
THE GENETICS OF ABC TRANSPORTER1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe transport of organic and inorganic molecules across cellular membranes is vital to allforms of life, as it allows cells to maintain an off equilibrium condition. In Escherichia coli,for example, ~10% of the entire genome is dedicated to membrane-bound and solubleproteins involved in transport processes (Blattner et al., 1997). On the timescale relevant forcellular metabolism, the lipid bilayer rep...
Enzymes are organic catalyst that alters the rate of biological reactions. The application of enzymes to industries has been one of the emerging prospects in the science world in other to optimize production. This paper aims to give an overview of the possible application of different enzymes to fruit juice production to enhance yield and minimize cost.
ABSTRACT Current soil management strategies are mainly dependent on inorganic chemical-based fertilizers, which caused a serious threat to human health and environment. The exploitation of beneficial microbes as a biofertilizer has become paramount importance in agriculture sector for their potential role in food safety and sustainable crop production. The eco-friendly approaches inspire a wide range of application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs), endo- and ectomycorrhizal f...
ABSTRACT Neurodegeneration is defined as the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons in the body. Different forms of neurodegenerative disease include Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, multiple sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, and they are caused by different mechanism such as inflammation, mitochondria dysfunction, excitotoxicity etc. Insulin sensitizers have been discovered by researchers in managing Neurodegeneration and the main one used are the thiazolidinedione. Due ...
The introduction of combined therapy has been an important breakthrough in the treatment of HIV infection, however for proper eradication, HIV pathogenesis has to be understood. Despite treatment with combinatorial therapies, a functional cure approach would be very effective in suppressing viraemic load in the host to such low levels that the immune system would be able to control the infection without the need for antiretroviral therapy, neither inflicting harm upon the host nor transmissio...
Introduction Epilepsy is a common medical and social disorder or group of disorders with unique characteristics. Epilepsy is usually defined as a tendency to recurrent seizures. The word “epilepsy” is derived from Latin and Greek words for “seizure” or “to seize upon”. This implies that epilepsy is an ancient disorder; indeed, in all civilizations it can be traced as far back as medical records exist. In fact, epilepsy is a disorder that can occur in all mammalian species, probabl...
Plant transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a soil plant pathogenic bacterium, has become the most used method for the introduction of foreign genes into plant cells and the subsequent regeneration of transgenic plants. This review focuses on the host recognition and the process of gene transfer from Agrobacterium tumefaciens to plant cells which implies several essential steps.
Abstract Oxidative stress contributes to the pathophysiology of exposure to heavy metals. Beneficial renal effects of some medications, such as chelation therapy depend at least partially on the ability to alleviate oxidative stress. The administration of various natural or synthetic antioxidants has been shown to be of benefit in the prevention and attenuation of metal induced biochemical alterations. These include vitamins, N-acetylcysteine, α-lipoic acid, melatonin, dietary flavonoids...