ABSTRACT Does the inclusion of the cost and burden of adverse drug reactions associated with drug-resistant TB treatment affect the incremental cost-effectiveness of new treatment regimens? A case study from the introduction of bedaquiline in South Africa National TB Programme Kathryn Lou Bistline South Africa has one of the world’s highest burdens of TB, HIV/TB co-infection, and drug-resistant TB. Second- line TB treatment is less effective, more expensive, and more toxic than treatment fo...
Abstract Background: Despite the development of new drugs and success of social programs, tuberculosis remains a leading cause of mortality. This burden falls disproportionately on developing countries where the high burden of HIV has a potentiating e↵ect, but may soon return to areas where it was previously brought under control as resistant strains continue to emerge. In the Western Cape, two closely related strains of the Beijing family have been isolated that provide an opportunity to s...
ABSTRACT Water pollution is the change in physico-chemical and biological properties of water quality that is harmful to living things. It is caused by pollutants drawn from point and non point sources of pollution including industrial and agricultural effluents. It can also be attributed to inappropriate use of chemicals and haphazard disposal of waste. It has become a global concern due to the lethal and sublethal effects on fauna and flora. Sosiani River traverses Eldoret town, draining ef...
ABSTRACT In rural Kenya, wood remains important for both construction and fuel wood. Since most rural people in high potential areas experience deficit in fuel wood and other wood products, there is need to increase production through employment of on-farm production technologies that ensure sufficient supply. Adoption of Agro forestry technologies in rural Kenya has been promoted by both the government and NGOS in order to achieve wood sufficiency. However the adoption of Agro forestry tech...
CONTENTS Introduction • . . . . . . . • . • . . . . • . . . Page 1 Acknowledgements . • . . . . . • • . . . . . . . 3 SECTION A - REPAIR : 1 • Ureteric injury in obstetrics and surgery. Contents . • • . . . • . . . . . • . • iii Text . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • • . • . 5 Case records 1 to 19 . • . • . . . . • . . . 17 Bibliography 1 - 68 . • • . • . . • • . . • b.1 2. Transuretero-ureterostomy in ureteric repair. Contents . . . . • . . ....
ABSTRACT Prevention of vertical transmission of HIV may require the uptake of the culturally unacceptable options of cesarean delivery and formula feeding. The successful use of HAART, as enumerated by the WHO 2009 rapid advice, has the potential for facilitating the uptake of the more culturally acceptable vaginal delivery and breast feeding. These recommendations became operational at the PMTCT unit, University College Hospital, Ibadan. This retrospective study describes the impact of thes...
ABSTRACT Chilli (Capsicum annum L.) is a tropical and sub-tropical crop grown for its pungent tasting fruits and sour leaves. Chillis are prone to root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) which reduce their quality and yields. The study focused on characterisation of root knot nematodes infesting chilli in Nakuru County, investigation on the use of sodom apple fruit extracts in controlling root knot nematodes, the use of Trichoderma viride as a potential bio-control agent against root knot nema...
ABSTRACT Aflatoxin contamination of maize is a major risk to health and well-being of Kenyan people. Aflatoxin-producing moulds viz: Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius can infect grains from pre-harvest stages in the field through to post-harvest stages in the stores. In Kenya, deaths have resulted from dramatic outbreaks of aflatoxin poisoning. Existing strategies for control of aflatoxigenic moulds mainly based on moisture reduction have been ineffective in the warm and humid ...