It is believed that the birds arose from a lineage of reptiles. A fossil was discovered having the size of a crow with a skull not unlike that of modern birds except that the beaklike jaws bore small bony teeth in sockets like those of reptiles. The skeleton is that if a reptile with a long bony tail, clawed fingers and abdominal ribs. There was the presence of imprint of feathers and it was the Archaeorptorex lithographica.
Organisms living in aquatic ecosystems are dependent on the resources of their environment. Biological communities including the type of animals present and their relative abundance are also shaped through the interactions with other organisms. All living organisms need water, energy, carbon, nutrients and oxygen to stay alive, grow and reproduce. Living organisms differ in their specific environment and in the process they secure their essientials.
Thorax is the second and middle tagma which is three segmented, prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax. Meso and Metathrorax with wings are called ptethorax . Thorax is made up of three sclerotic plates namely, dorsal body plate, ventral body plate and lateral body plate.
Pesticides are among the most extensively used chemicals in the world today and they are among the most hazardous compounds to humans today. Pesticides are toxic by design and hazardous to humans, animals and other organisms in the environment. Pesticides cause several toxicities to humans and other animals. Some pesticides are neurotoxic, others are cytoxic, some are nephrotoxic, others are hepatotoxic others are imunotoxic and some are genotoxic.
Protozoology is the study of Protozoans and Protozoans are the simplest microscopic organisms. They could be unicellular or have two nuclei. They are animal like organism but belong to kingdom Protista and are different from algae which also belong to the Kingdom Protista. The protozoan is miscorgainsm which only occur in water and moist places. The Protozoans are the most primitive and simplest of animals. Protozoans means first animals.
All insects have segmented abdomen and the upper and lower plates are joined by a tough but flexible membrane that allows a segment to expand and contract in the process of respiration. The abdomen consists of pair of spiracles and opening through which air passes through and it is also found at the second and thoracic segments. The spiracles are connected to tubes known as trachea, The air is pumped in and out by trachea by action of the wings and movement of abdomen. Then followed by diffus...
Osmo regulation is the regulation of water and ion concentration in the body. Keeping this regulation is critical in maintaining life in a cell. Organisms in aquatic and terrestrial environment must maintain the right concentration of solutes and amount of water in their body fluids. There is continuous exchange of materials such as water, ions, colloids, food substances and heat between the cells and the internal medium the fluids depends on the gradients of concentrations and the permeabili...
The human respiratory system is a series of organs that takes in oxygen and expel carbon di oxides, primary organs, lungs which carries out exchange of gases as we breathe. Red blood cells collects the oxygen from this lungs carry it to the other part of the body, collects carbon di oxide and transport it back to the lungs. Carbon di oxide is what we exhale. Human body needs oxygen to sustain itself. Decrease in oxygen is known as hypoxia.
Problems faced during amphibian transition to land. The movement from water to land is most perhaps the most dramatic event in animal evolution. Although invasion of land requires modification, of almost every system in the vertebrate body, aquatic vertebrates retain many basic structural and functional similarities. There are several important differences that animals must accommodate when moving fom water to land. The differences includes: Oxygen content, density, temperature regulation and...
Adaptation for Terrestrial Existence. Some of the reptilian characteristics that make the reptile better adapters are:Tough dry scaly skin which provides better on landShelled amniotic eggs which support embryonic developments on land.Jaws which are effectively designed for carnivorous lifeCopularoy organs which permits internal fertilizationMore effective circulatory and nervous organs than amphibians Lungs which are better developed than that of amphibiansStronger limbs for movement and Pre...
Basic Concept of Immunology Principles of Immunological Responses Some Historical Landmarks The Basis of Immunology Innate Defense Mechanism Antibodies Terminologies Concept of Immunity Antibody Structure and Function Immunoglobulin Classes Immunogens and Antigens Factors Affecting Immunogenicity Antigen-Antibody Interaction Antibody Formation Auto-Immune Diseases Some Selected auto-immune diseases Hypersensitivity Reactions (Allergy) Vaccines Immunoglobulin Antigen-Antibody Reactions & Diagn...
Complement Deficiency & Diseases Complement Fixation Test Alloantigens/Isoantigen
Some Historical Landmarks The Basis of Immunology Innate Defense Mechanism Antibodies Terminologies Concept of Immunity Antibody Structure and Function Immunoglobulin Classes Immunogens and Antigens Factors Affecting Immunogenicity Antigen-Antibody Interaction Auto-Immune Diseases Some Selected auto-immune diseases Hypersensitivity Reactions (Allergy)
Some Historical Landmarks The Basis of Immunology The Normal Immune Response Development of the Immune System Introduction of Nutrition, Immunity and Infection Immunogens and Antigens Factors Affecting Immunogenicityy Types of Immunogen Vaccines The Immune Response
Hinge Region FC Region Domains Oligosaccharides Immunoglobulin Fragments Structure/Function Relationships Digestion with Enzyme Papain Digestion with Enzyme Pepsin Structure and Properties of IG Class and Subclasses