A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPENDITURE CONTROL METHODS IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATELY OWNED HOSPITALS. (A STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, ENUGU AND TORONTO HOSPITAL ONITSHA)

ABSTRACT

This research work on A Comparative Study of Expenditure Controls method in Government and private Hospitals is aimed at studying and analysing the different methods of expenditure control that is being adopted by these hospitals, their practical application and their level of effectiveness. It is aimed at carrying out a comparative analysis of two hospitals. To achieve the aim of this research, secondary data through textbooks and journals were used to review some of the related literatures. Equally, questionnaires, interview and observation, which sought to find out facts needed for analysing, were used. The questionnaires were analyzed by simple percentages while hypothesis were tested using chi-square statistics. The findings of the analysis indicate among others that the method of expenditure control used by both hospitals are not the same; The daily control method for private hospitals and the vote card method for Government Hospitals. The different methods of expenditure control used by the two hospitals are effective, but with slight loopholes associated with vote card method. I recommend among others that both hospitals should adhere strictly to authorization procedure for drug purchased and materials purchases. Both hospitals should exhibit high degree of cash management and employ competent personnel for proper and efficient expenditure control.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Approval page ii
Certification page iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract vii

Chapter One
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background Of The Study 1
1.2 Statement Of the Problem 4
1.3 Objectives Of The Study 6
1.4 Research Questions 6
1.5 Formulation Of Hypotheses 7
1.6 Significance Of The Study 8
1.7 Scope Of The Study 9
1.8 Limitations Of The Study 9
1.9 Definitions Of Terms 10

Chapter Two
ix
2.0 Review Of Related Literature 12
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Overview Of Expenditure Control 12
2.3 The Expenditure Control Methods 14
2.4 Internal Auditing Overview 19
2.5 Management Audit 25
2.6 Cost Benefit Analysis 27
2.7 Quantitative Models For Expenditure Control 28
2.8 Items Related To the Income Generated In A Hospital 32
2.9 Items Related To The Expenditure Of A Hospital 36
2.10 The Expenditure Control Method That Are In Application 37
2.11 Vote Card Method of Expenditure Control 42

Chapter Three
Research design and Methodology
3.0 Introduction 45
3.1 Sources of Data 46
3.2 Research Instrument 47
3.3 Reliability and Validity of Research Instrument. 48
3.4 Population 49
3.5 Sample Size/Technique 50
3.6 Administration Of Research Instrument 52
3.7 Method Of Data Analysis 52
3.8 Decision Criterion For Validation Of Hypotheses 53

Chapter Four
4.0 Data Presentation and Analysis 54
4.1 Data Analysis/Presentation 54
4.2 Testing Of Hypotheses 67
4.3 Discussion of Findings 75

Chapter Five
5.0 Summary of findings, Conclusion and Recommendations 78
5.1 Summary of findings 78
5.2 Conclusion 79
5.3 Recommendation s 79
Bibliography
Appendix 1

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APA

Raji, A. (2018). A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPENDITURE CONTROL METHODS IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATELY OWNED HOSPITALS. (A STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, ENUGU AND TORONTO HOSPITAL ONITSHA). Afribary. Retrieved from https://afribary.com/works/a-comparative-study-of-expenditure-control-methods-in-government-and-privately-owned-hospitals-a-study-of-university-of-nigeria-teaching-hospital-enugu-and-toronto-hospital-onitsha-9600

MLA 8th

Raji, Alex "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPENDITURE CONTROL METHODS IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATELY OWNED HOSPITALS. (A STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, ENUGU AND TORONTO HOSPITAL ONITSHA)" Afribary. Afribary, 29 Jan. 2018, https://afribary.com/works/a-comparative-study-of-expenditure-control-methods-in-government-and-privately-owned-hospitals-a-study-of-university-of-nigeria-teaching-hospital-enugu-and-toronto-hospital-onitsha-9600. Accessed 03 Dec. 2025.

MLA7

Raji, Alex . "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPENDITURE CONTROL METHODS IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATELY OWNED HOSPITALS. (A STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, ENUGU AND TORONTO HOSPITAL ONITSHA)". Afribary, Afribary, 29 Jan. 2018. Web. 03 Dec. 2025. < https://afribary.com/works/a-comparative-study-of-expenditure-control-methods-in-government-and-privately-owned-hospitals-a-study-of-university-of-nigeria-teaching-hospital-enugu-and-toronto-hospital-onitsha-9600 >.

Chicago

Raji, Alex . "A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPENDITURE CONTROL METHODS IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATELY OWNED HOSPITALS. (A STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, ENUGU AND TORONTO HOSPITAL ONITSHA)" Afribary (2018). Accessed December 03, 2025. https://afribary.com/works/a-comparative-study-of-expenditure-control-methods-in-government-and-privately-owned-hospitals-a-study-of-university-of-nigeria-teaching-hospital-enugu-and-toronto-hospital-onitsha-9600

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EXPENDITURE CONTROL METHODS IN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATELY OWNED HOSPITALS. (A STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA TEACHING HOSPITAL, ENUGU AND TORONTO HOSPITAL ONITSHA)

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