A Critical Analysis of the Law Relating to Denuclearization Under International Law

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATION ................................................................................................................................................................................... i

DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION ...................................................................................................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................................................................. iv

LIST OF ACRONYMS ....................................................................................................................................................................... vi

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................................................................... xii

CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................................................................................. 1

GENERAL BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.0 The Background of the study ............................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................................................................................... 5

1.2. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................................................................................... 5

1.2.1. General Objective .................................................................................................................................................................. 5

1.2.2. Specific Objectives ................................................................................................................................................................ 5

1.3. Research Questions ................................................................................................................................................................. 6

1.4. Significance of the study ........................................................................................................................................................ 6

1.5. Research Methodology ........................................................................................................................................................... 6

1.5.1. The Research Design ........................................................................................................................................................... 6

1.5.2. Types and Sources of Data ............................................................................................................................................... 7

1.5.2.1. Primary Data. · .............................................................................................................. : ....................................................... 7

1.5.2.2. Secondary Data .................................................................................................................................................................. 7

1.5.2.3. Methods of Data Collection .......................................................................................................................................... ?

1.6. Scope of the study ..................................................................................................................................................................... B

1.7. Literature Review ..................................................................................................................................................................... B

1.8. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................................. 11

CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 12

THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON DENUCLEARIZATION UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW ................. 12

2.0. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 12

2.1. International Legal Framework for Nuclear Disarmament ............................................................................. 13

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2.1.1. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks- SALT 1... ........................................................................................................... 13

2.1.1.1. The Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (1972) ............................................................................................ 13

2.1.1.2. The Interim Agreement (1972) .............................................................................................................................. 14

2.1.2. SALT II (1979) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 15

2.2. Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (1987) ............................................................................................ 15

2.3. START I (1991) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 16

2.4. START I and the Breakup of the Soviet Union ........................................................................................................ 17

2.4.1. The Alma-Ata Agreement (1991) .............................................................................................................................. 18

2.4.2. The Minsk Declaration (1991) .................................................................................................................................... 19

2.4.3. The Lisbon Protocol .......................................................................................................................................................... 19

2.4.4. The Trilateral Statement (1994) ................................................................................................................................ 20

2.5. START II (1993) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 20

2.6. Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT)-2002 ......................................................................................... 21

2.7. New START (2010) ............................................................................................................................................................... 22

2.8. Highly Enriched Uranium Purchase Agreement (1993) ................................................................................... 23

2.9. Plutonium Production Reactor Agreement (PPRA)-1997 ................................................................................ 24

2.10. Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement (PMDA)-2000 ...................................................... 25

2.11. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ..................................................................................................................... 25

2.12. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................................................. 26

CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 28

ANALYSIS OF THE ADEQUACY OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON DENUCLEARIZATION UNDER

INTERNATIONAL LAW ................................................................................................................................ 28

3.0. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 28

3.1. Awareness of the situation on the Korean Peninsula ......................................................................................... 28

3.2. The Prospect for Denuclearization and Favorability .......................................................................................... 28

4.3. Assessment of the law relating to Denuclearization under International law ...................................... 29

3.3.1. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty .................................................................................................................... 29

3.3.2. SALT I ............................................................. , ......................................................................................................................... 30

3.3.3. The ABM Treaty (1972) .................................................................................................................................................. 30

3.3.4. START I (1994) ................................................................................................................................................................... 30

3.3.5. The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SOl :f) ......................................................................................... 31

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3.3.6. The New START Treaty ................................................................................................................................................... 32

3.3.7. Conference on Disarmament (CD)-1979 ............................................................................................................... 33

3.3.8. The Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)-1996 ...................................................................... 33

3.3.9. The Fissile Material Cut-Off Treaty (FMCT) ......................................................................................................... 33

3.3.10. The New Agenda Coalition (NAC) ........................................................................................................................... 34

3.3.11. The Middle Power Initiative ...................................................................................................................................... 34

3.3.12. Nuclear Weapons Ban Treaty ................................................................................................................................... 34

3.3.13. Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT) ............................................................................................................................... 35

3.3.13. The Threshold Test Ban Treaty (TTBT) and the Peaceful Nuclear Explosion Treaty (PNET)35

3.3.14. The Treaty of Rarotonga .............................................................................................................................................. 36

3.3.15. The Bangkok Treaty ....................................................................................................................................................... 36

3.3.16. The Treaty of Pelindaba ............................................................................................................................................... 36

3.3.16. Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons ............................................................................................... 36

3.3.17. The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) ............................................................................... 36

3.4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................................. 37

CHAPTER FOUR. ............................................................................................................................................ 38

STATES' COMPLIANCE WITH THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK RELATING TO DENUCLEARIZA TION

UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW .................................................................................................................. 38

4.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................. 38

4.2. Treaty Observance Procedure ........................................................................................................................................ 39

4.3. State Compliance with the legal Provisions on Denuclearization under International law .......... .41

4.3.1. The Use of Force ................................................................................................................................................................. 41

4.3.2. Conduct of Hostilities ....................................................................................................................................................... 42

4.4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................................ 44

CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................................................. 45

CHALLENGES FACING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LEGAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO

DENUCLEARIZATION UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW AND POSSIBLE RECOMMENDATIONS TO

ADDRESS THESE CHALLENGES ................................................................................................................. 45

5.0. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ ..45

5.1. Challenges facing the implementation of the legal provisions relating to Denuclearization under

International law ............................................................................................................................................................................ 45

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5.2. Recommendations ................................................................................................................................................................. 46

5.3. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................................................. 50