An Examination Of The Impact Of The Historical Cultural Contact Between The Kalanga And San Groups In Western Zimbabwe Since The Pre-Colonial Period The Case Of Bulilima

Abstract

The dissertation is mainly focused on the effects of cultural contact between the San and the

Kalanga in Western Zimbabwe, Bulilima area from pre-colonial. The San solely survived on the

environment, their religion was defined by the environment this has been evidenced by the

supernatural phenomena and myths which were grounded on the environment. Before the advent

of the Bantu speaking groups, the San were nomadic in nature, non-pastoralists, hence the study

reflected on how the Bantu speaking groups turned the San into labourers. The research further

highlighted on the origins of the Kalanga people who became the masters of the San on the San

areas. The reasons why the San were not able to resist the Kalanga domination were simple based

on the lack of leadership structures hence they were loosely united. The study concluded that there

was no cultural diffusion but there was cultural hybridity because both the San and the Kalanga

borrowed from each others’ culture however, it was noted that the San were affected the most as

they were subjects of the Kalanga thus it was forced on them. The dissertation further highlighted

on the effects of colonialism to both the San and the Kalanga people. The San were affected by

colonial legislative policies which were meant to turn the Africans into colonial labour force. The

San were mainly affected by the NLHA which entailed on the confiscation of land hence the San

nomadic nature was dealt a blow, as it was regarded as vagrancy. Moreover, the GFPA

criminalized San hunting activities hence the San were forced to rely on both the Kalanga and the

Ndebele, the colonialists viewed the San hunting as poaching though it was not harmful to the

environment because they hunted down sick animals.