Abstract
The issues of economic reforms, deregulation, 1 iberal isation or economic
adjustment programme began in the early 80s, particularly i n the Afr i can
c o n t i nent. Even though the terms are used synonymously, there are d iffe r i ng
e m phasis and applications i n government pol icies, jou r nalistic and economic
parlance. Whatever the case may be, the application of these terms began w ith
the ac.loption, at least i n the Afric::in co11ti11e11t, or the Economic Structural
Adjustme nt Programme (ESAP) popu l arly referred to as SAP.
The p rogramme is a package of economic pol i cy i ntroduced i n the early
80s as part o f the Bretten Woods i nstitutions1, and new World Economic.
Orclcr2 . Bretten Woods is a tow n i n the United States , where dec i s ions were
taken to establish the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The
two i nstitutions are often referred to as the Bretten Woods i nstitutions . The
economic order was to be implemented by the three most powerful i nstitutions
of the Bretten Woods, espec i a l l y the International Monetary Fund (IMF); the
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (JBRD) or s i m p l y the
World Bank; and the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) now the
'Norld Trade Organisation (WTO) . The first two were to be i mp lemented in
respect of member countries of the two Organisations seeking assistance to
f'i nancc the i r budget defi c i ts or development programmes
R, H (2021). The Changing Role Of Public Enterprises In A Deregulated Economy: The Study Of Nigerian Ports Authority. Afribary. Retrieved from https://afribary.com/works/the-changing-role-of-public-enterprises-in-a-deregulated-economy-the-study-of-nigerian-ports-authority-1
R, HUSSAINI "The Changing Role Of Public Enterprises In A Deregulated Economy: The Study Of Nigerian Ports Authority" Afribary. Afribary, 10 Apr. 2021, https://afribary.com/works/the-changing-role-of-public-enterprises-in-a-deregulated-economy-the-study-of-nigerian-ports-authority-1. Accessed 21 Dec. 2024.
R, HUSSAINI . "The Changing Role Of Public Enterprises In A Deregulated Economy: The Study Of Nigerian Ports Authority". Afribary, Afribary, 10 Apr. 2021. Web. 21 Dec. 2024. < https://afribary.com/works/the-changing-role-of-public-enterprises-in-a-deregulated-economy-the-study-of-nigerian-ports-authority-1 >.
R, HUSSAINI . "The Changing Role Of Public Enterprises In A Deregulated Economy: The Study Of Nigerian Ports Authority" Afribary (2021). Accessed December 21, 2024. https://afribary.com/works/the-changing-role-of-public-enterprises-in-a-deregulated-economy-the-study-of-nigerian-ports-authority-1