The Impact Of Immunity On African Heads Of States On The Protection Of Human Rights In International Law. Analysis Based On An African Perspective..

Contents

DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................................ i

APPROVAL FORM .......................................................................................................................................... ii

DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................................. iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................ iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................. vii

CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY............................................................................................................. 1

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT ..................................................................................................................... 2

1.4 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................... 2

1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................................................... 3

1.6 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................. 5

1.7 CHAPTER SYNOPSIS ............................................................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................................... 7

HISTORICAL ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF HEAD OF STATES IMMUNITY .............................................. 7

2.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 7

2.2 SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY AND HEAD OF STATE IMMUNITY .................................................................. 7

2.2.1 LEGAL BASIS OF HEAD OF STATE IMMUNITY ............................................................................... 8

2.3 APPLICABILITY OF HEAD OF STATE IMMUNITY ................................................................................... 9

2.3.1 RATIONE PERSONAE (PERSONAL IMMUNITY) ........................................................................... 10

2.3.2 LIMITATIONS TO PERSONAL IMMUNITY .................................................................................... 10

2.3.3 SERVING HEAD OF STATE ........................................................................................................... 10

2.3.4 IMMUNITY RATIONE MATERIAE (FUNCTIONAL IMMUNITY) ..................................................... 11

2.3.5 OFFICIAL ACTS COVERED............................................................................................................ 12

2.3.6 FORMER HEAD OF STATE ........................................................................................................... 12

2.4 APPLICABILITY IN AFRICA .................................................................................................................. 13

2.5 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER 3 .................................................................................................................................................. 15

HUMAN RIGHTS VS IMMUNITY................................................................................................................... 15

3.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 15

3.2 INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS ..................................................................................................... 15

3.3 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................................................................... 15

vi

3.5 IMPACT OF HUMAN RIGHTS WITHIN THE OVERALL IMPERATIVE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ........... 16

3.6 OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS ................................................................. 17

3.7 HUMAN RIGHTS AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY ...................................................................................... 18

3.7.1 ACCOUNTABILITY AND IMMUNITY ............................................................................................ 18

3.7.2 DUTY TO PROSECUTE HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS ................................................................. 19

3.8 STATE SOVEREIGNITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN AFRICA ............................................... 19

3.9 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 20

CHAPTER 4 .................................................................................................................................................. 21

A CASE STUDY OF AFRICAN IMMUNITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS. ............................................. 21

4.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 21

4.2 DARFUR SUDAN CIVIL WARS ............................................................................................................. 21

4.3 KENYA ................................................................................................................................................ 23

4.4 OVERWIEW OF THE CASES ................................................................................................................ 26

4.5 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 27

CHAPTER 5 .................................................................................................................................................. 28

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................. 28

5.1 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................... 28

5.2 RECCOMENDATIONS ......................................................................................................................... 29

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...............................................................................................................................