Water and Sanitation Projects and Peoples’ Welfare in Ngoma District, Rwanda

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of water and sanitation projects on peoples’ welfare in Ngoma District, Rwanda. The study was guided by the following research objectives: i) to assess the performance of water and sanitation projects in Ngoma District; ii) to assess the welfare of the people of Ngoma District, and iii) to establish the effect of water and sanitation projects on people’s welfare in Ngoma District. This study employed crosssectional survey design. The target population was 336,928 and the sample size computed using Solven’s formula was 400, the actual returned questionnaires was 302. The main data collection tools were questionnaires and interviews. Data was analyse using frequency and percentage tables, and Pearson Correlation and Regression. The study found that majority, 28.2% of the respondents agreed that the performance of water and sanitation projects in Ngoma District was fairly satisfactory (overall average mean=3.04, Std=1.285). Furthermore, the study found that majority (43.2%) of the respondents agreed that people’s welfare was satisfactory (overall average mean=3.70, Std=1.149). In addition, the study found a significant effect of water and sanitation projects on people’s welfare by 0.8% (R2=0.008, p

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................... ii

APPROVAL .......................................................................................................................................... iv

DEDICATION........................................................................................................................................ v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.............................................................................. vii

LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................. xi

LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. xii

ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................................... xiii

CHAPTER ONE.....................................................................................................................................1

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................1

1.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background of the Study ..................................................................................................................1

1.1.1 Historical Perspective ....................................................................................................................1

1.1.2 Theoretical Perspective ..................................................................................................................3

1.1.3 Conceptual Perspective ..................................................................................................................4

1.1.4 Contextual Perspective...................................................................................................................5

1.2 Problem Statement............................................................................................................................6

1.3 Purpose of the Study .........................................................................................................................7

1.4 Objectives of the Study.....................................................................................................................7

1.5 Research Questions...........................................................................................................................7

1.6 Hypothesis.........................................................................................................................................7

1.7 Scope of the Study ............................................................................................................................8

1.7.1 Geographical scope........................................................................................................................8

1.7.2 Content Scope ................................................................................................................................8

1.7.3 Theoretical Scope...........................................................................................................................8

1.7.4 Time Scope ....................................................................................................................................8

1.8 Significance of the Study ..................................................................................................................8

CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................................10

LITERATURE REVIEW .....................................................................................................................10

2.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................10

2.1 Theoretical Review.........................................................................................................................10

2.2 Conceptual framework....................................................................................................................13

2.3 Review of Related Literature ..........................................................................................................13

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2.3.1 The Performance of Water and Sanitation Projects.....................................................................13

2.3.2.1 Water Facilities.........................................................................................................................16

2.3.2.2 Sanitation Facilities...................................................................................................................18

2.3.2 The Welfare of the People ...........................................................................................................20

2.3.2.1 Health........................................................................................................................................20

2.3.2.2 Quality of Life...........................................................................................................................23

2.3.2.3 Dignity ......................................................................................................................................25

2.3.3 Related Studies.............................................................................................................................29

2.4 Research Gap ..................................................................................................................................31

CHAPTER THREE ..............................................................................................................................32

METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................................................32

3.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................32

3.1 Research Design..............................................................................................................................32

3.2 Target Population............................................................................................................................32

3.3 Sample Size.....................................................................................................................................33

3.4 Sampling Technique and Procedure ...............................................................................................33

3.5 Data Sources...................................................................................................................................34

3.5.1 Primary Data ................................................................................................................................34

3.5.2 Secondary Data ............................................................................................................................34

3.6 Data Collection Methods ................................................................................................................34

3.7 Research Instruments......................................................................................................................35

3.7.1 Questionnaires..............................................................................................................................35

3.7.2 Interview Guides..........................................................................................................................36

3.8 Validity and Reliability...................................................................................................................36

3.8.1 Validity ........................................................................................................................................36

3.8.2 Reliability.....................................................................................................................................37

3.9 Data Collection Procedures.............................................................................................................37

3.10 Data Analysis................................................................................................................................38

3.11 Ethical Consideration....................................................................................................................38

3.12 Limitations to the Study................................................................................................................39

CHAPTER FOUR.................................................................................................................................40

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ..................................................40

4.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................40

4.1 Response Rate.................................................................................................................................40

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4.2 Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents...........................................................................40

4.2 Objective one: The Performance of Water and Sanitation Projects in Ngoma District..................44

4.3 Qualitative Data ..............................................................................................................................47

4.4 Objective two: The Welfare of the People of Ngoma District........................................................50

4.4 Objective three: The Effect of Water and Sanitation Projects on People’s Welfare in Ngoma

District ..................................................................................................................................................56

CHAPTER FIVE ..................................................................................................................................58

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......................................................58

5.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................................58

5.1 Discussion of Major Findings.........................................................................................................58

5.1.1 The Performance of Water and Sanitation Projects in Ngoma District .......................................58

5.1.2 The Welfare of the People of Ngoma District .............................................................................60

5.1.3 The Effect of Water and Sanitation Projects on People’s Welfare in Ngoma District ................62

5.2 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................62

5.3 Recommendations...........................................................................................................................63

References.............................................................................................................................................65

APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE ......................................................................................................73

APPENDIX II: INFORMED CONSENT.............................................................................................74

APPENDIX III: INTERVIEW GUIDE ................................................................................................76

APPENDIX IV: MAP OF NGOMA DISTRICT..................................................................................77