Boko Haram Insurgency and Western Education in Yobe State, North Eastern-Nigeria

ABSTRACT The study is aimed at assessing the effects of Boko Haram Insurgency on Western education in Yobe State, North-Eastern Nigeria. Three objectives were formulated as study guide that included; to examine the causes of Boko Hararn insurgency, to establish how Boko Haram violence has affected western schools, and finally to examine the effects of Boko Haram violence on standards of western education in Yobe State, North Eastern-Nigeria. The study used descriptive survey design with both quantitative and qualitative approach. The population of the study was 1,339 comprises staff of YOSUBEB, teachers, head of teachers and PTA/Community members making the specific target population. Krajcie and Morgan table for determining sample size was also adopted to drawn 299 as minimum respondents. While purposive and simple random sampling techniques were employed to select the respondents. Data was collected through questionnaires containing (20) items based on 4-point Likert scales and interviews. This was validated by experts and tested for reliability using the test-re-test methods were conducted as a means of generating primary data. The data collected was also analyzed in SPSS 16.0 Version using frequency tables and percentage to analyse the profile of the respondents while mean and standard deviations was used to analyses the data collected from the field according to the study objectives. The findings of the study revealed that poverty, unemployment, Almaj iris factor and misconception of religion were the major factors that led to the development of Boko Haram to its full insurgents organization. The study further established that Boko Hararn has attacked schools resulting in the indiscriminate destruction of schools infrastructure and the teaching and learning materials, loss of teachers, killing and kidnapping of school children as well as recruiting children of school going age as suicide bombers and spies. The study finally disclosed that there is a general decline in the schools attendance/enrolments, poor students performance and the loss of trained teachers. The study also revealed how destroyed school infrastructure and instructional materials influenced the inadequate schools management as well as the poor funding. These therefore, has affected the quality and standards of western education in Yobe State. The study recommended that the federal government, amnesty committees, and counter insurgency efforts of all security outfits investigate the root causes and dynamics of Boko Haram including the kind of ideology vis-à-vis the objectives of their activities. A permanently wellstructured poverty alleviation program devoid of political patronage is urgently required in Yobe State of Nigeria’s north east. This requires intensification of efforts to integrate the Almajiri Qur’anic schools into the Universal Basic education (UBE) programs with well-furnished classrooms, qualified teachers, purchase of uniforms and mid-day meal for the students in northern Nigeria. Equally, the existing half-baked, non-professional Almajiri Mallams (clerics, sheiks, and teachers) must be trained professionally and absorbed into the UBE programs. The study further suggested that daily school attendance record books should be adopted by the all schools in Yobe State. This will make the school authorities to understand and have controls of the school internal security system during the school hours. Parents and religious leaders should play active role in encouraging all children in the State to embrace basic education for the development of the individual and society at large.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION

APPROVAL ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

LIST OF TABLES ix

LIST OF FIGURES x

LIST OF ACRONYMS/ABBREVIATIONS xi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background to the Study

1.1 .1 Historical Perspective

1.1.2 Theoretical Perspective 2

1.1.3 Conceptual Perspective 3

1.1.4 Contextual Perspective 4

1.2 Statement of the Problem 5

1.3 General Objective of the Study 5

1.3.1 Specific Objectives of the Study 6

1.4 Research Questions 6

1.5 Scope of the Study 6

1.5.1 Geographical Scope 6

1.5.2 Theoretical Scope 6

1.5.3 Content Scope 7

1.5.4 Time Scope

1.6 Significance of the Study 7

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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW .9

2.0 Introduction 9

2.1 Theoretical Review 9

2.2 Conceptual Framework 12

2.3 Review of Related Literature 13

2.3.1 The Paradigms (causes) that supported Boko Haram Insurgency 13

2.3.2 Western Education in Nigeria 21

2.3.2.1 Time lines of Boko Haram Violence on Schools: Instances and Cases in Yobe State,

North-Eastern Nigeria 23

2.3.2.2 Boko Hararn Violence on Schools 24

2.3.2.3 Boko Haram and the Decline Standards of Western Education 26

2.4 Related Studies 31

2.5 Gaps in Literature 36

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 38

3.0 Introduction 38

3.1 Research Design 38

3.2 Population of the Study 38

3.3 Sample Size 39

3.4 Sampling Techniques 39

3.5 Data Collection Instruments 40

3.5.1 Questionnaires 40

3.5.2 Interview Guide 40

3.5.3 Document analysis 40

3.6 Validity and Reliability of the Instruments 41

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3.6.1 Validity .41

3.6.2 Reliability 41

3.7 Data Collection Procedure 42

3.8 Data Analysis 43

3.9 Ethical Considerations 43

3.10 Limitations of the Study 44

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION ... 45

4.0 Introduction 45

4.1 Response Rate 45

4.2 Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents 45

4.3 Research Question 1: What are the Causes of Boko Haram Insurgency in Yobe State, North

Eastern Nigeria9 48

4.4 Research Question 2: How Have Boko Haram’s Violence Affected Western Schools in Yobe

State, North Eastern Nigeria9 52

4.5 Research Question 3: What are the Effects of Boko Haram Violence on Standards of Western

Education in Yobe State, North —Eastern Nigeria2 55

CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS 59

5.0 Introduction 59

5.1 Discussion of Findings 59

5.1.1 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents 59

5.2 Specific Objectives 60

5.2.1 To Examine the causes of Boko Haraminsurgency in Yobe State, North-Eastern Nigeria. 60

5.2.2 To Establish how Boko Haram Violence has Affected Western Schools in Yobe State,

North-Eastern Nigeria 62

5.2.3 To Examine the Effects of Boko Haram Violence on Standards of Western Education in

Yobe State, North-Eastern Nigeria 64

5.3 Conclusion 66

5.4 Recommendations 67

5.5 Contribution to Knowledge 70

5.6 Areas for Further Studies 70

REFERENCES 71

APPENDICES 78

APPENDIX I: SAMPLE SIZE DETERMINATION 78

APPENDIX II: QUESTIONAIRE 79

APPENDIX III: INTERVIEW GUIDE 82

APPENDIX IV: QUESTIONNAIRE/INTERVIEW CONSENT FORM 83

APPENDIX V: INTRODUCTOION LETTER 84

APPENDIX VI: ACCEPTANCE LETTER FOR DATA COLLECTION 85

APPENDIX VII: INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPT 86

APPENDIX VIII: TIME FRAME 90

APPENDIXIX : BUDGET 91