Table of Content
Contents Pages
Approval Page of Project proposal .............................................................................................i
Table of Content ........................................................................................................................ii
Lists of table..............................................................................................................................iv
Lists of figure.............................................................................................................................v
Abbreviations and Acronym.....................................................................................................vi
1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................1
1.1. Background of the Study.............................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the Problem............................................................................................3
1.3. Objective .....................................................................................................................4
1.3.1. General Objective ................................................................................................4
1.3.2. Specific Objective................................................................................................4
1.4. Research Questions.....................................................................................................4
1.5. Scope and Limitation of the Study..............................................................................4
1.6. Significance of the Study ............................................................................................5
2. LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................................6
2.1. Husbandry Practice of Dairy Cattle ............................................................................6
2.1.1. Dairy Herds Size and Herds Structure In Ethiopia ..............................................6
2.1.2. Breeding Strategies and Reproduction Mechanism in Ethiopia ..........................7
2.1.3. Cattle Feeds and Feeding System ........................................................................7
2.1.4. Watering and Source of Water for the Cattle.......................................................9
2.1.5. Cattle Housing and Waste Management..............................................................9
2.1.6. Traditional Milk Handling and Processing Practices in Ethiopia......................10
2.1.7. Milking Methods and Hygienic Practice ...........................................................10
2.1.8. Animal Health Service.......................................................................................11
2.1.9. Extension Service...............................................................................................12
2.1.10. Constraints of Milk Production in Ethiopia .......................................................12
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2.2. Milk and Butter Composition, Quality and Physico-Chemical Properties ...............13
2.2.1. Chemical Compositional Characteristics of Raw Milk .....................................13
2.2.2. Physical Quality Assessment of Raw Milk........................................................15
2.2.3. Microbial Characteristics of Milk......................................................................16
2.2.4. Chemical Composition and Microbial Quality of Butter...................................17
3. MATERIAL AND METHOD..........................................................................................19
3.1. Description of the Study Area...................................................................................19
3.2. Sampling Design and Procedures..............................................................................20
3.2.1. Household Survey Sampling..............................................................................20
3.2.2. Sources and Methods of Data Collection...........................................................22
3.2.3. Data to Be Collected ..........................................................................................23
3.3. Milk Quality Assessment and Sampling ...................................................................23
3.3.1. Milk Physical Quality Assessment ....................................................................24
3.3.2. Milk Chemical Qualities Assessment Method...................................................26
3.3.3. Milk Microbial Load Assessment......................................................................27
3.4. Butter Quality Assessment and Sampling.................................................................29
3.5. Data Analysis ............................................................................................................30
3.6. Ethical Consideration in the Fieldwork.....................................................................31
3.7. Expected Outputs ......................................................................................................31
4. BUDGET AND WORK PLAN........................................................................................31
4.1. Work Plan..................................................................................................................31
4.2. Budget .......................................................................................................................32
5. Reference ..........................................................................................................................33