Residents’ Participation in Municipal Solid Waste Management in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria.

ABSTRACT This study was conducted in Enugu metropolis, Nigeria to investigate the spatial character of residents’ participation in the various approaches to Municipal Solid Waste management (MSWM) in the area. The study adopted survey research method. Quantitative (structured questionnaire) and qualitative (interviews and field observations) methods were employed. The researcher used simple random sampling in selecting the desired sample of 300 households for the questionnaire administration. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the data analysis. Data collected through questionnaire were analyzed and hypotheses tested using Chi-square. The study also used Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) to analyze the socio-demographic variables of the predictors of the extent of residents’ participation in MSWM. The result of the study shows that there is prevalence of NIMBY syndrome in the area as majority (62.0%) of the respondents have negative perception towards situation of dumpsters close to their residences. The residents’ participation in MSWM is mostly at household level. The result of the study also indicated low level of residents’ application of the Integrated Approaches namely: Reduce, Resource recovery, Reuse and Recycle (the 4Rs) as only (36.3%) apply them. There is no significant relationship between residents’ perception of MSWM responsibility and the extent of their participation. The BLR analyses revealed that the extent of residents’ participation in MSWM in the study area is selective of certain socio-demographic variables namely: Gender, education and employment status which were significant. It was concluded that residents’ participation in MSWM in Enugu metropolis is affected by factors such as: poor perception and failure of the municipality to adopt modern technology, mobilize local resources and enforce environmental laws. Thus, the study recommends public sensitization and mobilization, sorting of solid wastes at the source and provision of recycling facilities, among others as keys to improved residents’ participation in MSWM.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page - - - - - - - - - - - i

Certification- - - - - - - - - - - ii

Dedication - - - - - - - - - - - iii

Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - - iv

Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - - viii

List of Figures - - - - - - - - - - ix

List of Tables - - - - - - - - - - x

List of Plates - - - - - - - - - - xi

Acronyms - - - - - - - - - - - xii

Abstract - - - - - - - - - - - xiii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study - - - - - - - - 1

1.2 Statement of the Research Problem - - - - - - 4

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study - - - - - - - 6

1.4 Hypotheses - - - - - - - - - - 7

1.5 The Study Area - - - - - - - - - 8

1.5.1 Location - - - - - - - - - - 8

1.5.2 Relief - - - - - - - - - - - 14

1.5.3 Drainage - - - - - - - - - 14

1.5.4 Climate - - - - - - - - - - 14

1.5.5 Vegetation - - - - - - - - - - 15

1.5.6 Population - - - - - - - - - - 15

1.5.7 Land use - - - - - - - - - - 16

1.5.8 Economic Activities- - - - - - - - - 17

1.6 Literature Review - - - - - - - - - 18

1.7 Conceptual Framework - - - - - - - - 24

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1.8 Research Methodology - - - - - - - - 27

1.8.1 Sample Selection - - - - - - - - - 27

1.8.2 Methods of Data Collection - - - - - - - 28

1.8.2.1 Secondary Data- - - - - - - - - 28

1.8.2.2 Primary Data- - - - - - - - - - 28

1.8.2.2.1 Questionnaire Survey - - - - - - - - 28

1.8.2.2.2 Oral Interviews-- - - - - - - - - 30

1.8.2.2.3 Field Observation- - - - - - - - - 30

1.8.3 Mapping and Photographing - - - - - - - 32

1.8.4 Data Analysis and Presentation - - - - - - - 32

1.9 Plan of the Project - - - - - - - - - 33

CHAPTER TWO: THE PRESENT MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT (MSWM) SYSTEM IN ENUGU METROPOLIS

2.1 The Main Elements of the MSWM System in Enugu Metropolis - - 35

2.1.1 Solid Waste Collection - - - - - - - - 35

2.1.1.1 Primary Collection of SWs - - - - - - - 35

2.1.1.2 Secondary Collection of SWs- - - - - - - 37

2.1.2 Solid Waste Transfer - - - - - - - - 42

2.1.2.2 Primary Transfer of SWs - - - - - - - 42

2.1.2.2 Secondary Transfer of SWs - - - - - - - 43

2.1.3 Solid Waste Separation - - - - - - - - 48

2.1.3.1 Solid Waste Separation at the Source - - - - - - 48

2.1.3.2 Solid Waste Separation at the Controlled Dump/Landfill Site - - 50

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2.1.4 Solid Waste Recycling - - - - - - - - 51

2.1.5 Solid Waste Disposal - - - - - - - - 51

CHAPTER THREE: RESIDENTS’ PERCEPTION AND ATTITUDE

TOWARDS MSWM IN ENUGU METROPOLIS

3.1 Residents’ Perception of the Definition of MSWM - - - - 53

3.1.1 Reduction or Waste Minimization - - - - - - 53

3.1.2 Resource Recovery, Reuse and Recycling of Solid Wastes- - - 54

3.1.3 Municipal Solid Waste Disposal Methods- - - - - - 56

3.1.4 Analysis of Residents’ Perception of the Definition of MSWM - - 57

3.2 Perception and Attitudes of Residents towards MSWM Responsibility - 59

3.2.1 Analysis of Residents Perception of MSWM Responsibility - - - 59

3.2.2 Residents’ Opinion on the Efficiency of the Municipality (ESWAMA)- 60

3.3 Residents’ Perception and Attitude towards Citing of Dumpsters - - 62

3.3.1Analysis of Residents’ Perception of the Safety of Dumpsters near Home-62

3.3.2 Analysis of Residents’ Preferred Proximity of Dumpsters to their Homes- 63

3.4 Residents’ Perception and Attitude towards MSWM Service Charges- - 65

3.4.1 Affordability of MSWM User Service Charges- - - - - 66

3.4.2 Willingness to Pay the MSWM User Charges - - - - - - - 66

CHAPTER FOUR: EVALUATION OF RESIDENTS’ PARTICIPATION IN

MSWM OF ENUGU METROPOLIS

4.1 Household Level Participation- - - - - - - - 70

4.1.1 Sweeping of Immediate Environment - - - - - - 71

4.1.2 Keeping Solid Waste in Specific Bag or Bin - - - - - 73

4.1.3 Offering Solid Wastes at the Right Time and Place for Transfer- - 73

4.2 Community Level Participation - - - - - - 74

4.2.1 Participation in Labour - - - - - - - - 74

4.2.2 Participation in Cash - - - - - - - 75

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4.2.3 Participation in Kind - - - - - - - 75

4.2.4 Participation in Labour, Kind and Cash- - - - - - 76

4.2.5 Participation in Consultation and Decision Making - - - - 76

4.3 Analysis of Residents’ Participation in MSWM at the Community Level- 76

4.4 Residents’ Application of Integrated Approaches (the 4Rs of Wastes) - 78

4.4.1 Analysis of Residents’ Application of Integrated Approaches (the 4Rs) - 78

4.4.2 The Spatial Distribution of Alternatives employed by the Residents- - 79

4.5 Residents Perception of MSWM Responsibility and Extent

of their Participation- - - - - - - - - - 83

CHAPTER FIVE: THE EFFECTS OF SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC

FACTORS ON RESIDENTS PARTICIPATION IN MSWM

5.1 Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) of Predictors of the Extent

 of Residents’ Participation in MSWM - - - - - - 86

5.2 Implication of the Results - - - - - - - - 89

CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1Summary of the Findings - - - - - - - - 91

6.2 Recommendations - - - - - - - - - 93

6.2.1 Education and Awareness Raising- - - - - - - 93

6.2.2 Adequate SWM infrastructure and Equipment- - - - - 94

6.2.3 Sorting Solid Waste at the Source- - - - - - - 95

6.2.4 Community Based Organisations (CBOs)- - - - - - 96

6.2.5 Policy and Legislation Improvement- - - - - - 96

6.3 Recommendation for further Studies - - - - - - 97

6.4 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - - 97

REFERENCES - - - - - - - - - - 98

APPENDICES