Factors Contributing to Work Appreciation Among Secondary School Teachers A Case Study of Mathioya Division, Murang’a District, Kenya.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Declaration

Approval

Dedication

Acknowledgement iv

Table ofcontent v

Definition ofTerms iv

Abstract viii

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction I

1.2 Statement of the Problem 3

1.3 Objectives of the study 3

1.4 Specific Objectives 3

1.5 Statement of null hypothesis 4

1.6 Significance of the study 4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Review of related literature 5

2.1 Job Satisfaction 5

2.2 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 6

2.3 Safety and Security Needs 6

2.5 Social Needs 6

2.6 Esteem Needs 7

2.7 Self Actualization 7

2.8 Criticisms from Hertzberg’s Theory 8

2.9 Implication of Hertzberg’s Theory 9

2.10 Influence of Personal Characteristics on Job Appreciation 11

V

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Research Design and Methodology 12

3,1 Introduction 12

3.2 Research methodology 12

3.3 Location of the study 12

3.4 The respondent 12

3.5 The study Sample 13

3.6 Sampling Procedure 13

3.7 Research Instruments 13

3.8 Validity and Reliability 14

3.9PiotStudy 14

3.10 Data collection procedure 14

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Data Presentation 16

4.1 Introduction 16

4.2 Research Question 17

4.3 Research Question 18

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Recommenda~on 24

5.2 Conclusion 24

BIBLIOGRAPHY 28

APPENDIX A: Transmittal letter for head teachers 28

APPENDIX B: Teachers questionnaire 29

APPENDIX C: Time plan 33

APPENDIX D: Research budget 34

CURRICULUM VITAE 35

Abstract

This study is based on Broom’s expectancy theory. Expectancy theory concerns choice of behaviors that can lead to desired rewards . The theory postulates that individuals will evaluate various strategies of behaviour and then choose the behavior that they belief will lead too those work related outcomes or rewards that they value like pay increase, promotion or recognition. If the individual believes that hard work will lead to desired pay, he will work hard for it. Misleel and Ugawa ( 1988) says that this theory rests on the consumption that motivation is acoonskins process in which decisions lawfully were related to psychological events that occur withbehaviour and the forces in the individual and the environment combines to determine behaviour. Vroom ( 1964) explained that expectancy theory involves three main variables: instrumentality

valence and expectancy that are derived from the relationship among efforts ,performance ,outcomes and rewards .( Stilagyi( 1981) Explains expectancy as the perceived relationship between efforts and performance . For example, the teacher may not be IOO% certain that success of his / her students in an examination will be IOO% since this depends on a number of factors beyond his / her control in an examination.Instrumentality on the other hand, is the probability that performance will lead to desired rewards. It represents the belief by the employee that a reward will be received once the task has been accomplished.Valence has been defied as the employee’s performance for a particular outcome or reward, which can be either intrinsic or extrinsic valence. Teachers expect such outcomes as pay increase, promotion and recognition by superiors to have positive valence. Such outcomes as reprimands, job pressures, stress and interpersonal conflicts may have negative valences. The valence that workers attach to outcomes may vary with age and type of work.