Immunology Research Papers/Topics

Frequency Of Sulfadoxine Pyrimethamine Resistance Associated Gene Mutations In Plasmodium Falciparum Clinical Isolates From Kwale County, Kenya

ABSTRACT Malaria persists to be one of the world’s complex and dynamic disease. The disease is more devastating in sub-Saharan Africa as it constitutes high cases of childhood mortality and morbidity. Management of the disease remains a problem as a result of the spread of parasites that are resistant to the available drugs. Due to the broadened spread of resistance to Sulfadoxine Pyrimethamine (SP), the artemether-lumefantrine which is a more effective and well-tolerated anti-malarial drug...

Association Between Genotypes At Polymorphisms In The Trypanotolerance Candidate Gene, Arhgap15 And The Pathophysiology Of Trypanosomiasis Associated Anaemia

ABSTRACT The immunobiology of African trypanosomes in the context of both parasite and host survival are tightly interconnected and ultimately determine the complicated traits of host tolerance versus susceptibility. Multigene control of variation in susceptibility to the pathological effects of trypanosomiasis, the most prominent being anaemia, is known to occur in domestic livestock populations. The aetiology of trypanosomiasis-associated anaemia in cattle is multifactorial with enhanced er...

Evaluation Of The Adjuvanticity Of Artemisinin With Soluble Leishmania Major Antigens In Balb/C Mice

ABSTRACT Leishmania major is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that causes chronic cutaneous lesions that often result in disfiguring scars. Artemisinin, a well known antimalarial drug, has been shown to be efficacious against Leishmania parasites both in vivo and in vitro. This study sought to determine the adjuvant potential of artemisinin when administered with a soluble leishmanial antigen. To test this hypothesis, seventy-two female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned into...

Isolation Serotyping And Molecular Characterization Of Enteric Pathogens For Validation Of “Peepoo” Sanitization Along Handling Chain At Kibera, Nairobi Kenya

ABSTRACT An estimated 1.8 billion people in the world use water coming from fecally contaminated sources. This is as a result of 80% of the human generated wastewater ending up in rivers and other reusable water bodies before treatment. The hygienic balance is locally complicated by the fact that 57% of people in informal settlements have no access to basic sanitation, including latrines and toilets. This study sought to evaluate alternative toileting in the name of “Peepoo”, as single us...

Prevalence And Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern Of Significant Bacteriuria Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care At Makole Health Centre, Dodoma, Tanzania

Abstract Introduction Significant bacteriuria during pregnancy can lead to serious obstetric complications, poor maternal and perinatal outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of significant bacteriuria among pregnant women at Makole health centre Dodoma city, Tanzania. Methodology This was a cross sectional study conducted from February 2020 to April 2020. During this period two hundred consenting pregnant women, aged 18 years...

Phylogenetic Analysis of New Hepatitis B Virus Isolates From Nigeria Supports Endemicity of Genotype E in West Africa

Abstract Isolates of hepatitis B viruses were collected from 20 acute and chronic hepatitis patients in a highly endemic region of Nigeria. Sequencing classified the isolates to the ayw4, as they all contained the amino acid variations characteristic for that serolype. In the pre-S2 region of five isolates, three to seven amino acids were deleted, suggesting that immune escape mutations previously associated only with chronic HBV infection may be observed also in acute disease. Phylogenetic a...

Immunophenotype And Hepato-Biomarker Characteristics Of Hiv Infected Adults And Hematological Reference Ranges Of Children In Kisumu West Subcounty, Kenya

ABSTRACT Proper diagnosis and management of clinical diseases requires succinct understanding of well-established human physiological reference values. Despite the high prevalence rates of HIV, Tuberculosis and Hepatitis infection in Kisumu area of Western Kenya, there are no locally developed hematological values that can be used as reference values of normal biological or homeostatic processes from which pathogenic, pathologic or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention can be ...

Effects Of Cotrimoxazole Withdrawal On Malaria Parasitemia Prevalence, Parasite Density And Multiplicity Of Infection In Hiv-Infected Individuals With Immune Recovery Following Antiretroviral

ABSTRACT Strategies to reduce HIV-related morbidity and mortality include scale up of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) and provision of broad spectrum antibiotics. Cotrimoxazole (CTX) is a widely available low cost antibiotic recommended by WHO in settings with high infectious disease prevalence for treatment and prevention of opportunistic infections and malaria in all HIV-infected individuals. With immune reconstitution following ART, the risk of opportunistic infections greatly diminishes. Con...

Seroprevalence And Determinants Of Transfusion Transmissible Infections Among Voluntary Blood Donors In Homabay, Kisumu And Siaya Counties In Western Kenya

ABSTRACT Transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs) especially, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis (Treponema pallidum) are a constant threat to blood safety for recipients. Globally, about 1.6 million blood units are destroyed annually owing to TTIs seropositivity, of which 10% is discarded in sub-Saharan Africa. In Kenya, despite of a series of safety improvements in blood donations among them rigorous pre-donation screening an...

Polymorphisms Of Toll Like Receptor 4 (-8984c/G And 299asp/Gly) And Interferon Gamma Levels In Children With Severe Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria Anaemia In Siaya County, Western Kenya

ABSTRACT Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) malaria is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa despite the integrated approaches put in place to control the disease. Most of the mortality in holoendemic transmission areas occurs due to severe P. falciparum disease complication of severe malarial anaemia (SMA), a condition which largely presents in children below five years. Molecular determinants have been implicated in the pathogenesis of SMA (Hb

Development Of Antibody Dependent Respiratory Burst Assay As A Tool For Evaluating Cellular Immunity To Malaria

ABSTRACT Malaria vaccine clinical trials in exposed populations have not always been consistent in finding robust associations between the predicted immune responses and protection against disease. The selection of most promising vaccine candidates have been based on direct antibody inhibition assays that have performed dismally. This suggests that such immune correlates employed in assessing their efficacies may not be surrogate markers of protection. Immunity to asexual blood stage malaria ...

Comparative Measurement Of Fetal Haemoglobin Levels And Their Association With Antibody Responses To Plasmodium Falciparum Antigens Among Sickle Cell Patients In Bondo Sub-County, Western Ken

ABSTRACT Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection remains one of the greatest global public health problems. However, studies have shown that fetal haemoglobin (HbF) protects against malaria in sickle cell disease (SCD) and HbF cooperates with antibodies to provide protection. Associations between HbF and antibodies have been done only on infants and therefore protection could be due to maternal immunity. Children at 5 years old have developed their own immunity and also HbF levels do not sign...

Influence Of Cyp2b6 Polymorphisms On Cd4+ T Cell Count And Hiv Rna Viral Load Changes Among Individuals On Nevirapine Containing Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

ABSTRACT Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Kenya with a prevalence of 6.5%. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is used to manage the disease by increasing the number of CD4 cells and reducing the viral load concentration. Majority of these HAART based medication contain nevirapine (NVP) that is metabolized through the cytochrome P 450 (CYP450) system. The use of NVP is however, limited by sub-optimal response from patients. Th...

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Elderly Medical Patients At The Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana.

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has now spread to all parts of the world with rates particularly high in young people (15-49 years) than older people (>50 years). Despite the global attention being paid to the epidemic of infection with HIV, the rates among older people in the sub-Saharan Africa has been a neglected area of study. This cross-sectional study carried out between the months of November, 2012 and January 2014 sought to determine the prevalence of HIV among elderly pat...

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Among Elderly Medical Patients At The Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has now spread to all parts of the world with rates particularly high in young people (15-49 years) than older people (>50 years). Despite the global attention being paid to the epidemic of infection with HIV, the rates among older people in the sub-Saharan Africa has been a neglected area of study. This cross-sectional study carried out between the months of November, 2012 and January 2014 sought to determine the prevalence of HIV among elderly pat...


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