Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnant Women Admitted On Maternity Ward in Jinja Regional Referral Hospital

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION....................................................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL............................................................................................................................................ iii

DEDICATION......................................................................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......................................................................................................................... v

LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ vii

ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................................................... viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................................... ix

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................xiii

CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background.........................................................................................................................................1

1.1.1 Historical background ......................................................................................................................1

1.1.2 Theoretical background ....................................................................................................................2

1.1.3 Conceptual background ....................................................................................................................2

1.2 Problem statement...............................................................................................................................3

1.3. Broad objective ..................................................................................................................................5

1.4 Specific Objectives..............................................................................................................................5

1.5 Research questions..............................................................................................................................5

1.6 Significance of the study .....................................................................................................................6

1.7 Conceptual framework ........................................................................................................................7

1.8 Scope of the study ...............................................................................................................................9

CHAPTER TWO.................................................................................................................................... 10

LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................................ 10

2.1 Prevalence of urinary tract infection .................................................................................................. 10

2.2 Riskfactors associated with urinary tract infections............................................................................ 10

2.2.1 Age ................................................................................................................................................ 10

2.2.2 Education level............................................................................................................................... 11

2.2.3Socio-economic factors................................................................................................................... 11

2.2.4Obstetric factors.............................................................................................................................. 12

x

2.2.4.2Gestational age............................................................................................................................. 12

2.2.5 Genetic Factors .............................................................................................................................. 12

2.3 Common causative agents of urinary tract infections in pregnant women........................................... 13

CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................................ 15

METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 15

3.1 Study design...................................................................................................................................... 15

3.2 Study Area ........................................................................................................................................ 15

3.3 Study population ............................................................................................................................... 15

3.4 Inclusion and exclusion criteria ......................................................................................................... 15

3.5 Sample size determination................................................................................................................. 16

3.6 Technique of samplingparticipants .................................................................................................... 16

3.7 Study variables.................................................................................................................................. 16

3.8 FLOW CHART................................................................................................................................. 17

3.9 Data collection .................................................................................................................................. 18

3.10 Data quality control......................................................................................................................... 18

3.11 Data analysis................................................................................................................................... 18

3.12 Data presentation............................................................................................................................. 19

3.13 Study limitation and Delimitations................................................................................................... 19

3.13.4 Justice…………........................................................................................................................... 19

3.13.5 Respect of individual person (human right)................................................................................... 20

3.13.6 Benefit and risk ............................................................................................................................ 20

CHAPTER FOUR................................................................................................................................... 21

4.0 Data analysis and presentation........................................................................................................... 21

4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 21

CHAPTER FIVE .................................................................................................................................... 27

5.0 Discussion......................................................................................................................................... 27

5.1 Limitations of the study..................................................................................................................... 29

5.2 Recommendations............................................................................................................................. 29

5.3 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................ 29

REFERENCE ......................................................................................................................................... 30

APPENDIX I: ESTIMATED BUDGET.................................................................................................. 34

APPENDIX II: WORK PLAN ................................................................................................................ 35