Vitendo usemi na ulinganifu wa maana katika tafsiri_ mifano kutoka tafsiri za kazi mbili teule za Barbara Kimenye [Speech Acts and Equivalence in Translation: Examples from Two Selected Texts

IKISIRI

Huu utafiti ulihusu matumizi ya nadharia ya vitendo usemi kusuluhisha tatizo la ulinganifu katika tafsiri. Msisitizo ulitiliwa kwenye ngazi ya ilokusheni ambapo swali kuu lililoongoza utafiti wenyewe ni kutatokea nini iwapo nadharia ya vitendo usemi (VU) itahuruhijwa na kutumiwa kama msingi wa kushughulikia tafsiri ya Kiswahili? Nadharia ya VU inaweza kuwa faafu, iwapo, mihimili yake itaeleweka na jinsi VU huibuliwa katika lugha lengwa (LL). Miundo ya kuibua VU ambavyo tumeainisha kwa kuzingatia kielelezo cha Searle imeshughulikiwa. Nadharia za ulinganifu na ufasiri zimetumiwa kwenye uchunguzi huu. Ili kutathmini ufaafu wa nadharia yenyewe katika kusuluhisha matatizo ya utafiti, nadharia za ufasiri na ulinganifu zimetumiwa kuchunguza tafsiri za kazi mbili za Barbara Kimenye zilizoteuliwa kama kielelezo. Mifano ya VU mbalimbali vinavyojitokeza kwenye kazi hizi imechanganuliwa. Pale kunakojitokeza usolinganifu, tunapendekeza tafsiri faafu kwa mujibu wa isimu tendaji. Tumesisitiza umuhimu wa kuzingatia vipengele vya pragmatiki katika uibushi wa maana ili kufanikisha mawasiliano.

This study was about the application of the theory of speech acts to solve the problem of equivalence in translation. Emphasis was placed on the level of illocution where the main question that guided the research itself is what will happen if the theory of speech acts (SAT) is imported and used as a basis for dealing with Kiswahili translation? SAT can be useful, if, its foundations are understood and how speech acts are generated in the target language (TL). Following Searle's classification model non-equivalence has been addressed. Theories of equivalence and interpretation have been used in this investigation. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the theory itself in solving the research problems, these theories have been used to examine the translations of two works by Barbara Kimenye selected as examples. Examples of various speech acts that are present in these works have been analyzed. Where non-equivalence is detected, we suggest an efficient translation pragmatically guided rendition. We have emphasized the importance of considering the pragmatic aspects in meaningful communication in order to achieve communication.

Yaliyomo

IKIRARI ...................................................................................................................................................... ii

TABARUKU ............................................................................................................................................... iii

SHUKRANI ................................................................................................................................................ iv

ISTILAHI NA VIFUPISHO ................................................................................................................... viii

Vifupisho ............................................................................................................................................... viii

Istilahi ..................................................................................................................................................... ix

IKISIRI ........................................................................................................................................................ x

UTANGULIZI ............................................................................................................................................. 1

1.0. Usuli wa Mada ............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1. Tatizo la Utafiti ........................................................................................................................... 3

1.2. Sababu za Kuchagua Somo ........................................................................................................ 3

1.3. Malengo ya Utafiti ....................................................................................................................... 4

1.4. Nadhariatete ................................................................................................................................ 4

1.5. Upeo na Mipaka .......................................................................................................................... 5

1.6. Yaliyoandikwa Kuhusu Mada Hii ............................................................................................. 5

1.6.1. Yaliyoandikwa Kuhusu Vitendo Usemi ................................................................................ 5

1.6.2. Yaliyoandikwa Kuhusu Tafsiri ya Kiswahili ........................................................................ 7

1.6.3. Yaliyoandikwa Kuhusu Vitendo Usemi Katika Tafsiri ...................................................... 10

1.7. Msingi wa Kinadharia .............................................................................................................. 16

1.7.1. Nadharia ya Ulinganifu ....................................................................................................... 17

1.7.2. Nadharia ya Ufasiri ............................................................................................................. 19

1.7.3. Nadharia ya Vitendo Usemi ................................................................................................ 22

1.8. Njia za Utafiti ............................................................................................................................ 24

1.9. Tanbihi ....................................................................................................................................... 25

DHANA MUHIMU KATIKA TAFSIRI NA NADHARIA YA VITENDO USEMI .......................... 26

2.0 Utangulizi ................................................................................................................................... 26

2.1 Maana ya Tafsiri ....................................................................................................................... 26

2.2 Ulinganifu .................................................................................................................................. 27

2.3 Tafsiri na Isimu ......................................................................................................................... 31

2.4 Kipashio cha Tafsiri .................................................................................................................. 33

2.5 Vitendo Usemi kama Kipashio cha Tafsiri ............................................................................. 34

2.5.1 Aina za Vitendo Usemi ....................................................................................................... 36

2.6. Kanuni za Ufasaha .................................................................................................................... 43

2.6.1. Kanuni ya Maana ya Kiproposisheni .................................................................................. 45

2.6.2. Kanuni za Matayarisho ....................................................................................................... 46

2.6.3. Kanuni za Uaminifu ............................................................................................................ 46

2.6.4. Kanuni za Msingi ................................................................................................................ 46

2.7. Kitenda na Kitaarifu ................................................................................................................. 47

2.7.1. Kitenda na Fasihi ................................................................................................................ 48

2.7.2. Vitendo Usemi na Fasihi ..................................................................................................... 49

2.7.3. Kutambua Vitendo Usemi katika Fasihi ............................................................................. 50

2.7.4. Tafsiri Kama Uchanganuzi Fasihi ....................................................................................... 52

2.8. Matumizi ya Nadharia ya Vitendo Usemi Kutafsiri .............................................................. 53

2.8.3. Proposisheni ........................................................................................................................ 53

2.8.4. Nguvu Ilokusheni ................................................................................................................ 58

2.8.5. Vitendo Usemi na Maana .................................................................................................... 60

2.8.6. Vitendo Usemi na Tafsiri .................................................................................................... 62

2.9. Hitimisho .................................................................................................................................... 65

2.10. Tanbihi ....................................................................................................................................... 66

VITENDO USEMI KATIKA MUSA NA WATEKANYARA NA MUSA NA SHAMBA LA SHULE . 68

3.0 Utangulizi ................................................................................................................................... 68

3.0.1 Muhtasari wa Musa na Watekanyara ...................................................................................... 68

3.0.2 Muhtasari wa Musa na Shamba la Shule ................................................................................ 69

3.1 Vitendo Usemi vya Ahadi ......................................................................................................... 69

3.1.1 Kitendo usemi cha Kukubali ............................................................................................... 69

1.6.1. Kitendo Usemi cha Kukataa na cha Kupinga ..................................................................... 71

3.1.3. Kitendo Usemi cha Kuapa .................................................................................................. 73

3.1.1 Kitendo Usemi cha Kutisha ...................................................................................................... 76

3.2 Vitendo Usemi Vielekezi ........................................................................................................... 79

3.2.1 Kitendo Usemi cha Amri .................................................................................................... 79

3.2.2 Kitendo Usemi cha Onyo .................................................................................................... 81

3.3 Vitendo Usemi vya Taarifa....................................................................................................... 86

3.3.1 Kitendo Usemi cha Ombi .................................................................................................... 87

3.3.2 Kitendo Usemi cha Kueleza ................................................................................................ 91

3.3.3 Kitendo Usemi cha Kutanabahisha ..................................................................................... 94

3.4 Vitendo Usemi vya Hisia........................................................................................................... 97

3.4.1 Kitendo Usemi cha Kupongeza ........................................................................................... 97

3.4.2 Kitendo Usemi cha Kulalamika ........................................................................................ 100

3.5. Hitimisho .................................................................................................................................. 104

3.6. Tanbihi ..................................................................................................................................... 104

FANI KAMA VITENDO USEMI KATIKA MUSA NA WATEKANYARA NA MUSA NA SHAMBA LA SHULE ............................................................................................................................................... 106

4.0. Utangulizi ................................................................................................................................. 106

4.1. Lugha ya Kifasihi na Vitendo Usemi ..................................................................................... 107

4.2. Anwani kama Kitendo Usemi ................................................................................................ 109

4.3. Majina kama Kitendo Usemi ................................................................................................. 111

4.3.1. Majazi kama Kitendo Usemi ............................................................................................. 113

4.3.2. Lakabu kama Kitendo Usemi ............................................................................................ 114

4.4. Kinaya kama Kitendo Usemi ................................................................................................. 115

4.5. Chuku kama Kitendo Usemi .................................................................................................. 120

4.6. Maswali Balagha kama Kitendo Usemi ................................................................................ 121

4.6.1. Erotema ............................................................................................................................. 123

4.6.2. Intarogashio ....................................................................................................................... 126

4.6.3. Epipleksia .......................................................................................................................... 126

4.6.4. Antipofora/ Hipofora......................................................................................................... 127

4.7. Sitiari kama Kitendo Usemi ................................................................................................... 129

4.8. Hitimisho .................................................................................................................................. 132

4.9. Tanbihi ..................................................................................................................................... 132

VIPENGELE VYA KIISIMUPARA KAMA VITENDO USEMI KATIKA MUSA NA WATEKANYARA NA MUSA NA SHAMBA LA SHULE ..................................................................... 134

5.0. Utangulizi ................................................................................................................................. 134

5.1. Aina za Ishara ......................................................................................................................... 134

5.2. Njia za Mawasiliano ya Ishara ............................................................................................... 136

5.2.1. Mwili......................................................................................................................................... 136

5.2.2. Sauti .......................................................................................................................................... 138

5.3. Uso ............................................................................................................................................ 141

5.4. Kimya ....................................................................................................................................... 144

5.5. Hitimisho .................................................................................................................................. 145

5.6. Tanbihi ..................................................................................................................................... 145

HITIMISHO NA MAPENDEKEZO .................................................................................................... 146

6.0. Utangulizi ................................................................................................................................. 146

6.1. Hitimisho .................................................................................................................................. 147

6.2. Mapendekezo ........................................................................................................................... 148

MAREJELEO ......................................................................................................................................... 149

Kiambatisho 1 – Vitenzi vya Vitendo Usemi ............................................................................................. i

Kiambatisho 2 – Viingizi vya kubainisha Vitendo Usemi vya Hisia...................................................... iii

Kiambatisho 3 - Hojaji kwa Mfasiri ......................................................................................................... iv