Determination of Antidotal and Protective Properties of Elaeis Oleifem Frult Extract in Orally Organophosphate Poisoned Albino Rats

TABLE OF CONTENT 

DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................. i 

DEDI CA TI 0 N ................................................................................................................................ i i 

A C K N 0 W LEDG EM ENT ............................................................................................................. iii 

TA 8 LE 0 F C 0 NTENT ................................................................................................................. iv 

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................... vii 

CHAPTER ONE ............................................................................................................................. I 

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. I 

1.2 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................... l 

1.2.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................................... 2 

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY .......................................................................................... 3 

1.3.1 General objective ............................................................................................................ 3 

1.3.2 Specific objectives .......................................................................................................... 3 

1.4 STUDY HYPOTHESIS ........................................................................................................ 3 

1.4.1 Null hypothesis ............................................................................................................... 3 

1.6.1 Alternative hypothesis .................................................................................................... 3 

1.6.2 Justification  .................................................................................................................. 3 

1.6.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ...................................................................................... 4 

CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 5 

2.0 LITERATURE REVlEW ...................................................................................................... 5 

2.1 Organophosphate poisoning .............................................................................................. 5 

2.2 Proposed mechanism and similar studies .......................................................................... 6 

2.3 Composition of palm oil .................................................................................................... 8 

2.4 Controversies of palm oil .................................................................................................. 9 

2.5 Heamatological studies . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. I 0 

2. 6 Biochemical studies ......................................................................................................... I l 

2.6.1 Functional plasma enzymes or plasma specific enzymes ............................................. ll 

2.6 .2 Non-functional plasma enzymes or non-plasma specific enzymes .............................. I2 

2.6.2.1 Transaminase ............................................................................................................. 12 

2.6.2.2 Alkaline Phosphatase ................................................................................................. I 2 

2. 6. 2. 3 Amy lase ..................................................................................................................... I2 

2.6.2.4 Gamma glutamyltranspeptidase ·············:·································································· 12 

2.6.2.5 Lipases ....................................................................................................................... 12 

CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................... 13 

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................................ 13 

3.1 Study design .................................................................................................................... 13 

3.2 Study site ......................................................................................................................... 13 

3.3 Laboratory animals ....................................... : .................................................................. I 3 

3.4 Determination of sample size .......................................................................................... !3 

3 .4.1 Inclusion criteria ........................................................................................................... I 3 

3.4.2 Exclusion criteria .......................................................................................................... 13 

3.5 Sampling technique ......................................................................................................... I 3 

3.6 Sample collection and preparation of samples ................................................................ 13 

3.6.I Sample collection ......................................................................................................... 13 

3.6.2 Extraction of red oil ...................................................................................................... 13 

3.7 Phytochemical analysis .................................................................................................... 14 

3.7.1. Test for Flavonoids ...................................................................................................... 14 

3. 7 .2. Test for Phenol.. ........................................................................................................... 14 

3.7.3. Test for Tannins ........................................................................................................... I4 

3.7.4. Test for Saponins ......................................................................................................... 1-l 

3.7.5. Test for Phlobatannins ................................................................................................. 14 

3.7.6. Test for Alkaloids ........................................................................................................ 14 

3.7.7. Test for Steroids ........................................................................................................... 15 

3.7.8. Test for Terpenoids ...................................................................................................... 15 

3.7.9 Test for carotenoid ........................................................................................................ 15 

.l. 7.1 0 Test for tocopherol ...................................................................................................... !5 

3. 7. I I Sources of Chemical, Reagents, Glass wares, Instruments and Equipment.. ............. 15 

3.7. I 2 Chemicals and Reagents ............................................................................................. 15 

3.7.13 Glass wares, Instruments and Equipment.. ................................................................. 16 

3.8 Anti-poisoning studies ..................................................................................................... 16 

3.9 Biochemical studies ......................................................................................................... 17 

3.10 Haematological studies .................................................................................................. I 8 

3.11 Data presentation and analysis ...................................................................................... 18 

3.12 Ethical considerations .................................................................................................... 18 

CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................................... 19 

4.0 Results ................................................................................................................................. 19 

4.1 phytochemical screening ..................................................................................................... 19 

4.2 Biochemical assay ............................................ : .................................................................. 20 

4.3 Haematological assay .......................................................................................................... 23 

CHAPTER FIVE .......................................................................................................................... 28 

5.0 Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 28 

5.1 Phytochemical Analysis ...................................................................................................... 28 

5.2 Biochemical Analysis .......................................................................................................... 29 

5.3 Haematological Analysis .................................................................................................... 32 

5.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 34 

5.5 Recommendation ................................................................................................................. 34 

References ..................................................................................................................................... 35 

APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................... 40 

Appendix I ................................................................................................................................ 40 

Appendix 2 ................................................................................................................................ 40 

Appendix 3 ................................................................................................................................ 41 

Appendix 4 ................................................................................................................................ 41 

Appendix 5 ................................................................................................................................ 42 

Appendix 6 ................................................................................................................................ ·L2 

Appendix 7 ................................................................................................................................ 43 

Appendix 8 ................................................................................................................................ 43 

Appendix 9 ................................................................................................................................ 44 

Appendix I 0 .............................................................................................................................. 44 

Appendix I I .............................................................................................................................. 45 

Appendix I 2 .............................................................................................................................. 45 

Appendix 13 .............................................................................................................................. 46 

Appendix I 4 .............................................................................................................................. 46