Evaluation of Remediated Oil Impacted Soil at Kpean and Buan Communities, Ogoni, Rivers State
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ABSTRACT
This study was carried to assess the effectiveness of clean-up sites impacted by oil spill at Kpean and Buan communities in Khana Local Government Area of Rivers State. Soil samples were collected at 0-15 and 15-39cm depths from three sampling sites(two impacted and one control sites) with soil auger and analyzed for pH, TOC, TPH, Zn, Cd, Cd, HB and HDB using standard methods. The concentrations of pH, TOC, TPH varied between 5.08 – 6.86 (6.04 + 0.24), 0.32 – 2.62 (1.18 + 0.36% and 9.87 – 15.68 (13.02 + 0.88)mg/kg respectively, zinc varied between 4,29 – 10.50 (7.15 + 0.83)mg/kg, copper varied 1.48 – 9.90 (4.19 + 1.07)mg/kg and cadmium 0.13 – 0.23 (0.16 + 0.01)mg/kg. The correlation coefficient(r) was used to ascertain the influences of the soil factors while linear regression was used to model the observed relationships. The one-way ANOVA was used to test for spatial homogeneity in means variances and further structure detection made with means plots. The results obtained showed correlation between pH, TOC, TPH, Zn, Cu, Cd, and HDB. The test of homogeneity revealed slight inequality(F(3.96)>Fcrit(3.92) at P<0.05 and TOC, Zn, Cu, Cd, and HB were detected to be responsible for the observed inequality especially in sampling sites A and B. The results of the study indicated that the concentration of the different soil parameters analyzed were below DPR standards. However, results showed growth of microbes in the sites that helped in degrading the hydrocarbon content of the soil.
KEY WORDS: Oil spill, Clean-up, Remediation.
CHAPTER ONE: CHAPTER ONE
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1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY 1
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1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 5
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1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 7
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1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY 8
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1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 8
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1.6 REPRESENTATION OF STUDY AREA 9
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1.6.1 LOCATION 9
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1.6.2 CLIMATE AND VEGETATION 9
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1.6.3 OCCUPATION 10
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 10
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CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
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2.1 OIL SPILL
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2.2 EFFECTS OF OIL POLLUTION
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2.2.1 EFFECT ON THE SOIL
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2.2.2 EFFECTS OF OIL ECOSYSTEM
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2.2.3 EFFECTS OF OIL ON AGRICULTURAL LAND
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2.2.4 EFFECTS ON SOIL ANIMAL
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2.2.5 EFFECTS ON AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
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2.2.6 EFFECT ON HEALTH
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2.2.7 EFFECTS ON GROUND WATER
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2.2.8 EFFECTS ON ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
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2.2.9 EFFECTS ON PLANTS
2.3 TYPES OF OIL
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2.3.1 CRUDE OIL
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2.3.2 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
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2.3.3 LUBRICATING OILS
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2.3.4 OTHER PETROLEUM PRODUCTS
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2.3.5 PERSISTENT OILS
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2.4 LAND SPILLS
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2.5 BEHAVIOUR OF OIL IN LAND SPILLS
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2.6 CONTAINMENT OF LAND SPILLS
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2.7 RECOVERY OF IMPACTED LAND 28
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2.8 TECHNOLOGIES FOR TREATING CRUDE
OIL CONTAMINATED SOILS 29
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2.8.1 INCINERATION 29
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2.8.2 THERMAL DESOPTION (TDU) 29
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2.8.3 SOLVENT EXTRACTION 30
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2.8.4 SOIL WASHING 30
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2.8.5 REMEDIATION 30
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2.8.5.1 BIOREMEDIATION 30
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2.8.5.2 PHYTOREMEDIATION 32
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2.8.5.3 NATURAL ATTENUATION 32
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
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3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN 33
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3.2 SOURCES OF DATA 33
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3.2.1 SECONDARY DATA 33
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3.2.2 PRIMARY DATA 33
3.3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 34
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3.3.1 SAMPLES COLLECTION 34
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3.3.2 LABORATORY ANALYSIS FOR pH 34
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3.3.3 TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON ANALYSIS 34
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3.3.4 ANALYSIS FOR TOTAL PETROLEUM
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HYDROCARBON (TPH) 35
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3.3.5 HEAVY METALS ANALYSIS 35
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3.3.6 ANALYSIS FOR SOIL MICROORGANISMS 35
3.4 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 36
CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
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4.1 SOIL FACTORS OF STUDY LOCATION 37
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4.2 SPATIAL VARIATION IN SOIL FACTORS 37
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4.3 INTERACTIONS/RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOIL
FACTORS 39
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4.4 LINEAR REGRESSION 40
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4.5 DISCUSSION 69
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION
5.1 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 71
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5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
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5.3 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES APPENDIX
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The MasterMind, P (2021). Evaluation of Remediated Oil Impacted Soil at Kpean and Buan Communities, Ogoni, Rivers State. Afribary.com: Retrieved March 03, 2021, from https://afribary.com/works/evaluation-of-remediated-oil-impacted-soil-at-kpean-and-buan-communities-ogoni-rivers-state
Project, The MasterMind. "Evaluation of Remediated Oil Impacted Soil at Kpean and Buan Communities, Ogoni, Rivers State" Afribary.com. Afribary.com, 22 Feb. 2021, https://afribary.com/works/evaluation-of-remediated-oil-impacted-soil-at-kpean-and-buan-communities-ogoni-rivers-state . Accessed 03 Mar. 2021.
Project, The MasterMind. "Evaluation of Remediated Oil Impacted Soil at Kpean and Buan Communities, Ogoni, Rivers State". Afribary.com, Afribary.com, 22 Feb. 2021. Web. 03 Mar. 2021. < https://afribary.com/works/evaluation-of-remediated-oil-impacted-soil-at-kpean-and-buan-communities-ogoni-rivers-state >.
Project, The MasterMind. "Evaluation of Remediated Oil Impacted Soil at Kpean and Buan Communities, Ogoni, Rivers State" Afribary.com (2021). Accessed March 03, 2021. https://afribary.com/works/evaluation-of-remediated-oil-impacted-soil-at-kpean-and-buan-communities-ogoni-rivers-state