Research Papers/Topics in Microbiology

Water and Sanitation Target (MDGs)

INTRODUCTION The Millennium Summit in September 2000 and held in New York City was described as the largest gathering of global leaders in history. The three-day summit was one where 149 global leaders gathered on the table of brotherhood. Three days after, the leaders arrived at the Millennium Declaration which automatically became known as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The millennium development goals (MDGs) is a set of eight point agenda adopted by all member states includ...

Mechanisms of action of some probiotics

INTRODUCTION The term probiotic (opposite of antibiotics) is used when we refer to bacteria associated with beneficial effects on humans and animals. It was invented in the early twentieth century by Nobel Prize winner, Eli Metchnikoff, and introduced in his study, the prolongation of Life. (Metchnikoff, 1907).Metchnikoff has shown since 1907 that Lactobacillus bulgaricus is able to eliminate pathogenic bacteria from the intestinal microflora. The actual introduction of the concept belongs to...

Roles of bacteriocins in food safety

INTRODUCTION DEFINITION AND HISTORY Bacteriocins are bacterial ribosomally synthesized peptides or proteins with antimicrobial activity. As ribosomally synthesised peptides, bacteriocins are encoded by a plasmid- or chromosome-borne structural gene which is often clustered with genes coding for immunity protein(s) and dedicated transport. Bacteriocins are proteinaceous toxins produced as a tiny molecule by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strain(s) produc...

Mycotoxins: Characterization , Occurrence and Detection

INTRODUCTION Mycotoxins are pharmacologically active mold metabolites produced in a strain-specific way that elicit some complicated toxicological activities (Bennett, 2003). Mycotoxins could also be described as secondary metabolites produced by a wide variety of organisms categorized as fungi, including mushrooms, yeasts and molds. The term mycotoxin was used for the first time in 1961 in the aftermath of a veterinary crisis in England, during which thousands of animals died. The disease wa...

ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

INTRODUCTION  A fungus is any member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which are separate from plants, animals, protists, and bacteria. One major difference is that fungal cells have cell walls that contain chitin, unlike the cell walls of plants and some protists, which contain cellulose, and unlike the cell walls of bacteria. These and ot...

THE ROLE OF NITRIC OXIDE IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM

 ABSTRACT Nitric oxide is produced in high amount from the break down of arginine by a group of enzyme called nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is an intercellular messenger that has been recognized as one of the versatile player in the immune system. Cells of the innate immune system such as macrophages, neutrophil and natural killer use pattern recognition receptors to recognize the molecular patters associated with pathogens. The specific role nitric oxide plays depend on the place of i...

JOCK ITCH FUNGAL INFECTION

INTRODUCTION Jock itch gets its name because it is common in people who sweat a lot, majorly the athletes. It is also more likely to occur in people who are overweight.  Although often uncomfortable and bothersome, jock itch usually is not serious. Jock itch (tinea cruris) is a fungal infection that affects the skin of the genitals, inner thighs and buttocks. Jock itch causes an itchy, red, often ring-shaped rash in these warm, moist areas of the body. groin area clean and dry and applying t...


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