INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON ITAKPE IRON CONCENTRATE MAGNETO VISCOUS FLUIDS

ABSTRACT

This research work show cases the potentials of Itakpe Iron concentrate for Magneto-rhelogical abilities. The concentrate was first ball milled to size reduce it then subjected to low magnetic strength from magnetic bits in-situ the magnetic fluid.

It was determined that temperature affected the fluid inversely, as temperature increased at the shear rates from the viscometer and Newtonian viscosity calculated reduced, giving a negative relationship between temperature and Newtonian viscosity as loading remained constant. The magneto viscous property of the fluid was also checked as a magnetic field of different strength was then introduced and the viscosities of the concentration at constant loadings were measured, in this case gave a linear relationship (i.e increase in magnetic strength led to an increase in viscosity of the ferrofluid). Temperature was varied at 27oC room temperature to, 30oC, 40oC, 50oC, 60oC and 70oC with constant loadings of 10%, 15% and 20% for three different runs using from one to two magnetic bits to increase the magnetic strength. As shown, this work agrees with what was reported in the literature. As temperature increases, viscosity reduces even for magnetic fluids. These positive signs of magneto-rheology under low magnetic influence puts Itakpe Iron concentrate a candidate material for magnetic fluid potential and application in automobile shock absorbers, breaks etc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CERTIFICATIONIII

DEDICATIONIV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTV

ABSTRACTVI

CHAPTER ONE1

1.0  INTRODUCTION1

1.1    PROBLEM STATEMENT2

1.2     AIMS AND OBJECTIVES2

1.3     JUSTIFICATION3

1.4     SCOPE3

2.0 LITERATURE SURVEY4

2.1  BRIEF HISTORY OF MAGNETIC FLUIDS4

2.2 DESCRIPTIONS OF FERROFLUIDS5

2.2.1 MAGNETIZATION6

2.2.2      MAGNETIC RELAXATION7

2.3          TRANSPORT PROPERTIES9

2.3.1     VISCOSITY10

2.3.2          THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY15

2.4        OTHER SMART FLUIDS16

2.4.1     MAGNETO-RHEOLOGICAL FLUIDS16

2.4.1.1          BASE FLUID17

2.4.1.2            METAL PARTICLES18

2.4.1.3     THE ADDITIVES18

2.4.1.4       DIFFERENCES BETWEEN FERRO FLUID AND MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL FLUID19

2.4.2   ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL FLUID20

2.4.3   COMPARISON OF THREE SMART FLUIDS21

2.6 PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PRINCIPLE OF FERROFLUIDS22

2.7 MATHEMATICAL FORMULAS OF MAGNETISM STUDY25

2.7.1 MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY25

2.7.2 AMPERE’S LAW25

2.7.3   FARADAYS LAW26

2.7.4   BIOT-SAVART LAW26

2.7.5   ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY27

2.7.6   ELECTRIC CURRENT DENSITY27

2.8     SURFACTANT28

2.8.1   CLASSIFICATION OF SURFACTANT29

2.8.2 SURFACTANTS EFFECT ON THE MAGNETIC FLUID29

2.8.3   RHEOLOGY29

2.8.4   BROWNIAN MOTION29

2.8.5   VISCOSITY30

2.8.5.1   NEWTONIAN FLUID30

2.8.5.2   NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID31

2.9    YIELD STRESS32

2.10   APPLICATIONS OF FERROFLUIDS33

2.10.1    FERROHYDRODYNAMIC DAMPER33

2.10.2      FERROHYDRODYNAMIC SEALING.34

2.10.3       SPEAKERS WITH FERROFLUID35

2.10.4     ELECTRICAL MACHINES WITH FERROFLUIDS36

2.10.4    MAGNETIC DRUG TARGETING.36

2.10.5     HYPERTHERMIA.37

2.10.6      CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING37

2.10.7    MAGNETIC SEPARATION OF CELLS38

2.10.8       PROSPECTIVE FOR NEAR FUTURE RESEARCH ON FERROFLUIDS39

2.11   FUTURE OF FERROFLUIDS39

CHAPTER THREE41

3.0 INSTRUMENTATION AND MATERIAL41

3.1   MATERIAL AND EQUIPMENT USED41

CHAPTER FOUR43

4.0   PROCEDURE43

4.1   BALL-MILLING THE IRON ORE CONCENTRATES43

4.2   SEM ANALYSIS43

4.3   EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE44

CHAPTER FIVE46

5.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION46

5.1 RESULTS46

5.1    SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM) ANALYSIS49

5.2  RESULTS DISCUSSION OF RESULTS51

CHAPTER SIX53

6.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION53

6.2 RECOMMENDATION53

CHAPTER SEVEN55

7.0   References55

APPENDIX58