Chapter 1: Gases and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
1.1 Synopsis
1.2 System, Surroundings, and State
1.3 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
1.4 Equations of State
1.5 Partial Derivatives and Gas Laws
1.6 Nonideal Gases
1.7 More on Derivatives
1.8 A Few Partial Derivatives Defined
1.9 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 2: The First Law of Thermodynamics
2.1 Synopsis
2.2 Work and Heat
2.3 Internal Energy and the First Law of Thermodynamics
2.4 State Functions
2.5 Enthalpy
2.6 Changes in State Functions
2.7 Joule-Thomson Coefficients
2.8 More on Heat Capacities
2.9 Phase Changes
2.10 Chemical Changes
2.11 Changing Temperatures
2.12 Biochemical Reactions
2.13 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 3: The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics
3.1 Synopsis
3.2 Limits of the First Law
3.3 The Carnot Cycle and Efficiency
3.4 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
3.5 More on Entropy
3.6 Order and the Third Law of Thermodynamics
3.7 Entropies of Chemical Reactions
3.8 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 4: Free Energy and Chemical Potential
4.1 Synopsis
4.2 Spontaneity Conditions
4.3 The Gibbs Free Energy and the Helmholtz Energy
4.4 Natural Variable Equations and Partial Derivatives
4.5 The Maxwell Relationships
4.6 Using Maxwell Relationships
4.7 Focusing on G
4.8 The Chemical Potential and Other Partial Molar Quantities
4.9 Fugacity
4.10 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 5: Introduction to Chemical Equilibrium
5.1 Synopsis
5.2 Equilibrium
5.3 Chemical Equilibrium
5.4 Solutions and Condensed Phases
5.5 Changes in Equilibrium Constants
5.6 Amino Acid Equilibria
5.7 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 6: Equilibria in Single-Component Systems
6.1 Synopsis
6.2 A Single-Component System
6.3 Phase Transitions
6.4 The Clapeyron Equation
6.5 The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
6.6 Phase Diagrams and the Phase Rule
6.7 Natural Variables and Chemical Potential
6.8 Summary
Chapter 7: Equilibria in Multiple-Component Systems
7.1 Synopsis
7.2 The Gibbs Phase Rule
7.3 Two Components: Liquid/Liquid Systems
7.4 Nonideal Two-Component Liquid Solutions
7.5 Liquid/Gas Systems and Henry’s Law
7.6 Liquid/Solid Solutions
7.7 Solid/Solid Solutions
7.8 Colligative Properties
7.9 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 8: Electrochemistry and Ionic Solutions
8.1 Synopsis
8.2 Charges
8.3 Energy and Work
8.4 Standard Potentials
8.5 Nonstandard Potentials and Equilibrium Constants
8.6 Ions in Solution
8.7 Debye-Hückel Theory of Ionic Solutions
8.8 Ionic Transport and Conductance
8.9 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 9: Pre-Quantum Mechanics
9.1 Synopsis
9.2 Laws of Motion
9.3 Unexplainable Phenomena
9.4 Atomic Spectra
9.5 Atomic Structure
9.6 The Photoelectric Effect
9.7 The Nature of Light
9.8 Quantum Theory
9.9 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
9.10 The de Broglie Equation
9.11 Summary: The End of Classical Mechannics
Exercises 271
Chapter 10: Introduction to Quantum Mechanics
10.1 Synopsis
10.2 The Wavefunction
10.3 Observables and Operators
10.4 The Uncertainty Principle
10.5 The Born Interpretation of the Wavefunction; Probabilities
10.6 Normalization
10.7 The Schrödinger Equation
10.8 An Analytic Solution: The Particle-in-a-Box
10.9 Average Values and Other Properties
10.10 Tunneling
10.11 The Three-Dimensional Particle-in-a-Box
10.12 Degeneracy 303
10.13 Orthogonality
10.14 The Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation
10.15 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 11: Quantum Mechanics: Model Systems and the Hydrogen Atom
11.1 Synopsis
11.2 The Classical Harmonic Oscillator
11.3 The Quantum-Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator
11.4 The Harmonic Oscillator Wavefunctions
11.5 The Reduced Mass
11.6 Two-Dimensional Rotations
11.7 Three-Dimensional Rotations
11.8 Other Observables in Rotating Systems
11.9 The Hydrogen Atom: A Central Force Problem
11.10 The Hydrogen Atom: The Quantum-Mechanical Solution
11.11 The Hydrogen Atom Wavefunctions
11.12 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 12: Atoms and Molecules
12.1 Synopsis
12.2 Spin
12.3 The Helium Atom
12.4 Spin Orbitals and the Pauli Principle
12.5 Other Atoms and the Aufbau Principle
12.6 Perturbation Theory
12.7 Variation Theory
12.8 Linear Variation Theory
12.9 Comparison of Variation and Perturbation Theories
12.10 Simple Molecules and the Born-Oppenheimer Approximation
12.11 Introduction to LCAO-MO Theory
12.12 Properties of Molecular Orbitals
12.13 Molecular Orbitals of Other Diatomic Molecules
12.14 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 13: Introduction to Symmetry in Quantum Mechanics
13.1 Synopsis
13.2 Symmetry Operations and Point Groups
13.3 The Mathematical Basis of Groups
13.4 Molecules and Symmetry
13.5 Character Tables
13.6 Wavefunctions and Symmetry
13.7 The Great Orthogonality Theorem
13.8 Using Symmetry in Integrals
13.9 Symmetry-Adapted Linear Combinations
13.10 Valence Bond Theory
13.11 Hybrid Orbitals
13.12 Summary
Exercises 457
Chapter 14: Rotational and Vibrational Spectroscopy
14.1 Synopsis
14.2 Selection Rules
14.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
14.4 Rotations in Molecules
14.5 Selection Rules for Rotational Spectroscopy
14.6 Rotational Spectroscopy
14.7 Centrifugal Distortions
14.8 Vibrations in Molecules
14.9 The Normal Modes of Vibration
14.10 Quantum-Mechanical Treatment of Vibrations
14.11 Selection Rules for Vibrational Spectroscopy
14.12 Vibrational Spectroscopy of Diatomic and Linear Molecules
14.13 Symmetry Considerations for Vibrations
14.14 Vibrational Spectroscopy of Nonlinear Molecules
14.15 Nonallowed and Nonfundamental Vibrational Transitions
14.16 Fingerprint Regions
14.17 Rotational-Vibrational Spectroscopy
14.18 Raman Spectroscopy
14.19 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 15: Introduction to Electronic Spectroscopy and Structure
15.1 Synopsis
15.2 Selection Rules
15.3 The Hydrogen Atom
15.4 Angular Momenta: Orbital and Spin
15.5 Multiple Electrons: Term Symbols and Russell-Saunders Coupling
15.6 Electronic Spectra of Diatomic Molecules
15.7 Vibrational Structure and the Franck-Condon Principle
15.8 Electronic Spectra of Polyatomic Molecules
15.9 Electronic Spectra of Electron Systems: Hückel Approximations
15.10 Benzene and Aromaticity
15.11 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
15.12 Lasers
15.13 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 16: Introduction to Magnetic Spectroscopy
16.1 Synopsis
16.2 Magnetic Fields, Magnetic Dipoles, and Electric Charges
16.3 Zeeman Spectroscopy
16.4 Electron Spin Resonance
16.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
16.6 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 17: Statistical Thermodynamics: Introduction
17.1 Synopsis
17.2 Some Statistics Necessities
17.3 The Ensemble
17.4 The Most Probable Distribution: Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution
17.5 Thermodynamic Properties from Statistical Thermodynamics
17.6 The Partition Function: Monatomic Gases
17.7 State Functions in Terms of Partition Functions
17.8 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 18: More Statistical Thermodynamics
18.1 Synopsis
18.2 Separating q: Nuclear and Electronic Partition Functions
18.3 Molecules: Electronic Partition Functions
18.4 Molecules: Vibrations
18.5 Diatomic Molecules: Rotations
18.6 Polyatomic Molecules: Rotations
18.7 The Partition Function of a System
18.8 Thermodynamic Properties of Molecules from Q
18.9 Equilibria
18.10 Crystals
18.11 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases
19.1 Synopsis
19.2 Postulates and Pressure
19.3 Definitions and Distributions of Velocities of Gas Particles
19.4 Collisions of Gas Particles
19.5 Effusion and Diffusion
19.6 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 20: Kinetics
20.1 Synopsis
20.2 Rates and Rate Laws
20.3 Characteristics of Specific Initial Rate Laws
20.4 Equilibrium for a Simple Reaction
20.5 Parallel and Consecutive Reactions
20.6 Temperature Dependence
20.7 Mechanisms and Elementary Processes
20.8 The Steady-State Approximation
20.9 Chain and Oscillating Reactions
20.10 Transition-State Theory
20.11 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 21: The Solid State: Crystals
21.1. Synopsis
21.2 Types of Solids
21.3 Crystals and Unit Cells
21.4 Densities
21.5 Determination of Crystal Structures
21.6 Miller Indices
21.7 Rationalizing Unit Cells
21.8 Lattice Energies of Ionic Crystals
21.9 Crystal Defects and Semiconductors
21.10 Summary
Exercises
Chapter 22: Surfaces
22.1 Synopsis
22.2 Liquids: Surface Tension
22.3 Interface Effects
22.4 Surface Films
22.5 Solid Surfaces
22.6 Coverage and Catalysis
22.7 Summary
Exercises
Consults, E. (2022). Physical Chemistry Textbook by David W. Ball. Afribary. Retrieved from https://afribary.com/books/physical-chemistry-textbook-by-david-w-ball
Consults, Education "Physical Chemistry Textbook by David W. Ball" Afribary. Afribary, 23 Sep. 2022, https://afribary.com/books/physical-chemistry-textbook-by-david-w-ball. Accessed 05 Nov. 2024.
Consults, Education . "Physical Chemistry Textbook by David W. Ball". Afribary, Afribary, 23 Sep. 2022. Web. 05 Nov. 2024. < https://afribary.com/books/physical-chemistry-textbook-by-david-w-ball >.
Consults, Education . "Physical Chemistry Textbook by David W. Ball" Afribary (2022). Accessed November 05, 2024. https://afribary.com/books/physical-chemistry-textbook-by-david-w-ball