FESTAC 1977 and indeed, the entire gamut of Pan-Africanism or Negritude stem from the experience of slave trade, slavery and colonialism. Apter’s book could be viewed from the historiographical tradition of a-historical Africa (Afro-pessimism) that re-affirms the influential notion of a dark continent bereft of a history except the activities of the Europeans, civilizing mission of colonial rule and the failure of the post-colonial state.
Olaniyi, R (2021). The Pan-African Nation: Oil and the Spectacle of Culture in Nigeria. Andrew Apter. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2005. 334 pp.. Afribary. Retrieved from https://afribary.com/works/the-pan-african-nation-oil-and-the-spectacle-of-culture-in-nigeria-andrew-apter-chicago-the-university-of-chicago-press-2005-334-pp
Olaniyi, Rasheed "The Pan-African Nation: Oil and the Spectacle of Culture in Nigeria. Andrew Apter. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2005. 334 pp." Afribary. Afribary, 25 Mar. 2021, https://afribary.com/works/the-pan-african-nation-oil-and-the-spectacle-of-culture-in-nigeria-andrew-apter-chicago-the-university-of-chicago-press-2005-334-pp. Accessed 25 Apr. 2024.
Olaniyi, Rasheed . "The Pan-African Nation: Oil and the Spectacle of Culture in Nigeria. Andrew Apter. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2005. 334 pp.". Afribary, Afribary, 25 Mar. 2021. Web. 25 Apr. 2024. < https://afribary.com/works/the-pan-african-nation-oil-and-the-spectacle-of-culture-in-nigeria-andrew-apter-chicago-the-university-of-chicago-press-2005-334-pp >.
Olaniyi, Rasheed . "The Pan-African Nation: Oil and the Spectacle of Culture in Nigeria. Andrew Apter. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2005. 334 pp." Afribary (2021). Accessed April 25, 2024. https://afribary.com/works/the-pan-african-nation-oil-and-the-spectacle-of-culture-in-nigeria-andrew-apter-chicago-the-university-of-chicago-press-2005-334-pp