EVIDENTIAL VALUE OF HEARSAY EVIDENCE UNDER THE NIGERIAN EVIDENCE ACT,2011

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Evidential Value of Hearsay Evidence

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ………………………………………………………………………. I

Declaration……………………………………………………………………. II

Certification………………………….……………………………………..… III

Dedication ……………………………………………………………………. IV

Acknowledgement …………………………………..……………………..…. V

Table of Contents …………………………………………………………… VII

Table of Cases ……………………………………………………………..…. X

Table of Statutes …………………………………………………………… XIII

List of Abbreviations …………………………………………………...…..XIV

CHAPTER ONE

General Introduction…………………………………………………………..1

1.1Background of the study ………………………………..……………….2

1.2Statement of Problem ……………………………………………………3

1.3Significance of the Study ……………………………………………….. 3

1.4Aims and Objective ………………………………………...……………3

1.5Scope and Limitations ……………………………..…………………… 4

1.6Research Methodology …………………………….…………………… 4

1.7Literature Review ………………………………………………………..4

1.8Organizational Layout…………………………………………………. 10

CHAPTER TWO

Meaning and Nature of Evidence…………………………….…………….... 15

1.0Introduction……………………..……….…………………………….. 15

2.1Meaning of evidence ……………………………..…………………… 15

2.2Development of the law of evidence ….............................……………. 24

2.3 Classification of Evidence ……….………………………..………….. 38

2.4Conclusion ………………………..…………………….…………….. 49

vii

CHAPTER THREE

Appraisal of Hearsay Evidence ………………………………………………50

3.0Introduction……………………………………………………....……. 50

3.1Concept of hearsay evidence…………………………...……………… 51

3.2Scope of hearsay evidence …………………………………………….. 70

3.3Qualification of hearsay evidence ……………………...……………... 80

3.4 Conclusion …………………………...……………………….……….. 84

CHAPTER FOUR

Admissibility of Hearsay Evidence ……………………….………………… 85

4.0Introduction ………………………………………………………….... 85

4.1Admissibility and Weight of Evidence of hearsay evidence………..

4.1Exceptions to Hearsay Evidence ………………………………..…….. 85

4.2 Conclusion …………………………………………………………… 125

CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Recommendation and Conclusion…………………….…...…. 126

5.0Summary …………………………………...……..………………….. 126

5.1 Recommendation …………………………………………..………….127

5.2Conclusion ………………………….………………………..………..128

viii

TABLE OF CASES

Achoru V. Attorney- General of Bendel State

(1990) 7 NWLR pt. 160 92… 60

Adekia V. Vaatia (1987) 1 NWLR 134…………….………….……….………….. 62

Amels Transport Ltd V. Madam Atinuke Martin (1971) 1 NLR 21……...…….. 62

Amobi V. Amobi (1996) 42 LRCN…………….…………………..……………117

Anaeze V. Anyazo (1993 5 SCNJ 151 at 156) ………………………….……… 29

Andrews V. Cordiener 1947) K.B. 655. …………………………………………. 116

Anthony Okoro V. State (2012) 4 NWLR, pt. 1290, 351……………..………….. 98

Armels Transport Ltd V. Martin (1970) All N.L.R. 27………… …………….117

Awuse V. Odili (2005) 16 NWLR (pt. 952) 416 CA…………………….…… 11, 67

Barclays Bank of Nigeria V. Central Bank of Nigeria1976)6 S.C. 175….. 121

Barewa Pharmaceutical Ltd V. F.G.N 2016) 17NWLR pt. 1540 ……………..120

Barkway V. South Wales Transport Ltd (1949) 1K.B. 54 at 60….…………….118

Chandrasekera V. R (1937) AC 220…………………………………………….... 101

David, Mark V. Usman Abubakar (2009) NWLR pt. 1124, 79…………….…. 63

Edmonds V. Edmonds(1947)P.67 at 69…………………………………………. 118

Ekpoisong V. State (2009) 1 NWLR pt. 11122, 354 at 368………………...….. 95

Eme V. Wamouh (1991) 7 NWLR pt. 203, 375. ……………………………….…111

Ezemba V. Ibeneme (2004) 14 NWLR pt. 894 ……………………………………. 49

F.B.N V. Asawari (2015) NWLR pt. 1463………………….……………..………. 66

F.R.N. V. Usman (2012) 8 NWLR pt. 1301………………..……………………… 67

Garba V. Queen (1959) 4 F.S.C 162………………………………………..…… 97

Hausa V. the State (1994) 7-8 SCNJ pt. 1, 1...…………………………………… 96

Hon Justice Ankara V. Hon Justice Egbue (2013) 10 SCM 178………...…… 30

I.N.E.C V. Action congress (2009)2 NWLR pt. 1126 ………………………. 28, 62

Jacob V. A-G Akwa Ibom State (2002)7 NWLR pt. 765…………………….….. 23

Jilayemi V. Alaoye (2004) 12 NWLR pt. 887………………………...….………. 66

Jolayemi V. Alaoye (2004) 12 NWLR (pt. 887) 322 SC…...……………….……. 13

Junga v R (1952) AC 480……………..………………………………….…………68

Kashi V. State (2015) 8 NWLR 1464. ………….…………………….….…………79

Lilley V. Pettit (1946) K.B. 401…………………………………………………… 116

Maigari V. State (2010) All FWLR pt.546)……………………………….………46

Maja (junior) and Sons Limited V. United Africa Company of Nigeria (1971) 1

NMLR 157………………………………………………………………………….… 33

Mawaz Khan V. R (1967) 1 AC. 454 (P.C.).……...……………….……………. 72

Momo Garba & Another V. R (1959) 4 FSC 162 at 165. …………...………….. 93

Myers V. DPP (1991) II SCNJ 19……………………………………………...… 55

Nwobodo V. Onoh (1983) NSCC 470 ……………………………………….……. 21

Ogbunyiya and Others V. Okudo and Others (1979) All N.L.R 105.2..........…. 21

Ojiako V. State (1991) 2 NWLR pt. 175, 578 at 584……………..………….… 60

Okereocha V. Ministry of Commerce and Tourism (2001) 1 NWLR (pt. 693) 126

CA…………………………………………………………………………….……….. 12

Omoboriowo V. Ajasin (1984)1 S.C 1………………………………………….... 21

Onya V. Ogbuji (2011) All FWLR Pg. 597……………………………………….. 37

Onyioha V. Union Bank Ltd (1993) 5 NWLR pt. 296, 698 ……………………..27

Patel v Comptroller of Customs (1965) 3 All ER 593……….…………………..67

Privy Council in Subramanian V public prosecutor (1956) 1 W.L.R 965… 3,

59………………………………………………………………………………………., 72

R V. Adiaha Nwa Ikpe (1960)5 F.S.C 180. ……….…………………………….. 121

R V. Anwuna (1949) 12 WACA 456…………………….………………………… 51

R V. Baker (1837) 2M. & Rob.53…………………………………….………….. 89

R V. Bedingfield (1879) 14 Cox 341 ……………………………….………..…… 29

R V. Gibson (1887) 18 QBD 537……………..…………………………………… 55.

R V. Hutchinson 2B&C 605………………………………………………………. 88

R V. Itule (1961)2 SCNLR 183 at 186 ……………………………………..……… 26

R V. Kearley (1992) 2 AC 228 at 245. …………………………………………83

R V. Mead (1824) 2 B&C 605. …………………………….………………………..88

R V. O’Brien (1978) 1SCR 591. ……………………………………………..…… 105

R V. Ogbuewu (1949) 12 WACA 483…………………………………………….. 93

R V. Perry (1909) 2K.B. 697. …………………………………………………….. 91

R V. Pike (1829) 3 C&P 598. ……………………………………………………100

R V. Rogers (1959) LLR 97. ……………………………………………………… 104

R V. Sang (1980) ac 402 ………………………………………………………….. 31

R V. Scaife (1836) 2 Lewin 150. ………………………………………..………. 100

R V. Taoridi Lawani (1959) L.L.R 57. …………………………………….…. 103

R V. Woodcock (1789)1 Leach, 500 at 502……………………………………… 90

R. Dodson (1984) 79 Crim R 220. ………..……………………………………….78

Ratten V. R. (1972) AC. 378 (P.C.) ……………………………..………………… 75

Re Magillivra (1946) 2 All E.R 301…………………………………..……………112

Simpson V. Lever ( 1963) 1 Q.B. 517…………………………………………… 117

Sparks V. R (1954) AC 964…………………………………………….………… 65

Sugden V. Lord St. Leonard’s (1876) IP.D. 154 …………………………..…..112

Sylvester Utteh V. State (1992) 2 SCNJ pt. 183………..……………………… 60

Tenywa v Uganda (1967) EA 102. ………………………………………………… 69

Teper V. R (1952) AC 480………………………………………………………. 75, 81

The Military Governor of Ondo State and another V. Adewumi (1988)3 NWLR

pt.82 ……………………………………………………………………………………. 22

Ukpo V. Imoke (2009) 1 NWLR 1121,90……………………………………...… 55

Utteh V. State (1992) 2 NWLR pt.223 ……………………………..…..…………. 28

Wahab Aigbotosho V. Governor of Oyo State & Ors (2004) 14 NWLR pt.

894……………………………………………………………………………………… 48

Yakubu V. State (1980) All NLR 138……………………………………….……. 47

Zimit V. Mohammed (1993)1 NWLR pt. 262…………………………………..… 24

TABLE OF STATUTES

Civil Evidence Act 1968 ………………………………………….…..….. 24, 58

Constitution of Nigeria (as amended) 1999 ……………………...………. 37, 38

Constitution of Nigeria 1963 ………………………………….…..…..25, 26, 27

Constitution of Nigeria 1979 ………………………………………………… 28

English Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 ………………………….….36

Evidence Act Cap 112 Laws of Federation 1990 ….…………………….. 25, 85

Evidence Act Cap 62 Laws of Federation 1968 …….……………………….. 25

Evidence Act Cap E14 Laws of the Federation 2011 ……………... 31,32,34,35,

36, 37, 40, 45, 48, 51, 55, 56, 57, 58, 76, 77, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 93, 94, 98, 100,

103, 105, 107, 111 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122 124, 126, 127, 128

Evidence Act Cap E141 2004 Laws of Federation …………………………... 25

Evidence Act of 1943 ……………………………………………………. 31, 32

Evidence Ordinance ………………………………………………….. 24, 25, 26

Land Instrument Registration Law of Eastern Nigeria ………………………. 33

Magistrate Court Ordinance 1943 ……………………………………………. 24

Ordinance No. 45 1943 …………………………….……………………….... 24

Protectorate Court Ordinance 1933 ……………….………………………..... 24

Provincial Court Ordinance 1914 …………………………….……………… 24

xii

LIST OF ABBREVATIONS

ALL N.L.R All Nigerian Law Reports

Ch. Chancery Law Reports

Ch.D Chancery Division Law Report

e.g. Example

Ibid Ibidem

N.M.L.R Nigerian Monthly Law Report

N.S.C.C. Nigeria Supreme Court Cases

N.W.L.R Nigerian Weekly Law Report

No. Number

K.B Kings Bench Report

Ltd Limited

Anor. Another

Cap. Chapter

A.C. Appeal Cases

Paras Paragraphs

Pt. Part

PW1 Prosecution Witness one

QB Queens Bench Report

Vol. Volume

S.C Supreme Court

S.C.N.L.R Supreme Court of Nigerian Law Report

2nd Second

Supra Above

W.A.C.A. West African Court of Appeal

W.L.R. Weekly Law Report

Op cit opera citato (Latin - means the same with reference)

Ors Others

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EVIDENTIAL VALUE OF HEARSAY EVIDENCE UNDER THE NIGERIAN EVIDENCE ACT,2011

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