War, Conflict, and its Impact in the Greater Horn Of Africa: A Case Study of South Sudan

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION

APPROVAL

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS v

LIST OF ACRONYMS viii

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE 1

INTRODUCTION 1

1 .0 Introduction

1.1 Background Information 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem 3

1.3 Objectives of the study 4

1.4 Research Questions 4

1.5 Research Hypothesis 5

1.6 Significance of the study

1.7 Scope of the Study 6

1.8 Conceptual Framework 6

1.9 Limitations of the study 8

.10 Operational Definition of Terms 9

CHAPTER TWO 10

LITERATURE REVIEW 10

2.0 Introduction 10

2.1 Theoretical Framework 10

2.2 Empirical Literature 15

2.3 Conflict Analysis of South Sudan 22

V

2.4 The root causes of South Sudan conflicts . 23

2.5 Past Conflicts Concerns in the Horn of Africa 24

2.6 The effect of civil war in South Sudan 26

2.7 The Causes of the conflict in South Sudan 30

CHAPTER THREE 34

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 34

3.1 Introduction 34

3.2 Research Design 34

3.3 Data collection 34

3.4 Data Analysis 35

CHAPTER FOUR 36

CHALLENGES FACING A PEACEFUL RESOLUTION OF SOUTH SUDAN CONFLICT 36

4. 1 Introduction 36

4.2 Dinka-Nuer dominance 36

4.3 The autocratic nature of President Salva Kiir 37

4,4 Inability to disarm militia or incorporate them into the army 37

4.5 Unhinged alliance 37

4.6 Corruption, weak legislative and regulatory enforcements 38

4.7 National question 38

4.8 An unstable regime 38

4.9 Interference with the civil society 39

4.10 Division of existing states 39

4.11 Flaws in the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement 39

4.12 Lack of proper structural processes and construction 39

4.13 Lack of democratization mechanisms after the peace deal 40

4.14 External actors in South Sudan 40

4.15 Lack of the international community to monitor and implement the CPA 40

vi

CHAPTER FIVE .41

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 41

5.0 Introduction 41

5.1 Conclusion 41

5.2 Recommendations 43

5,2.1. Collective action by the IGAD 43

5.2.2. Engage in inclusive approach 43

5.2.3. Ensure accountability, reconciliation and healing processes take place 43

5.2.4. Develop and implement targeted recovery and development programmers 44

REFERENCES 46

APPENDICE 51

Appendix I: Interview Guide

ABSTRACT

Less than two years after independence, December 2013, violent conflict broke out in South Sudan that affected civilians who encountered sexual violence, destruction of property, death and displacement creating social and economic challenges in the country. This is devastating for a nation that is less than two years old and fought vehemently to become independent from the south and was expected was growth and development and not internal war and conflict. Most importantly, it would be adequate to address and comprehend the causes and impact of the conflict in Africa’s newest kid South Sudan.This thesis focuses on issues surrounding South Sudan conflict from the implementation of the comprehensive peace agreement in 2005 to the sharing of power between the government led by SPLM leader Salva Kiir and the opposition leader Rick Machar. The underlying issues are delicate and intrinsic that require the international community to comprehensively address the challenges and obstacles that continue to create violence which mainly affect the vulnerable in the society i.e. children and women.Key words: war, conflict, impact, Greater Horn of Africa