ABSTRACT Diabetes is a chronic life- long illness that affects the quality of life, requiring close monitoring and control. Diabetics have high risk for high economic burden (direct and indirect health costs) and catastrophic expenditure where healthcare costs are paid out of pocket. This study determined the economic burden and assessed the payment strategies and payment coping mechanisms of type 2 diabetic patients attending Out- Patient Department of Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Umuahia, Abia State, South East Zone, Nigeria, July, 2011 to June, 2012. Literature were reviewed global and in Nigeria using the Cost- of- illness (COI) framework. Five objectives guided the study and three hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance using Chi-square statistics. Cross-sectional descriptive survey design was used to study a sample of 308 diabetics selected from Population of 1224 type2 Diabetic patients managed at FMC Umuahia. The instrument for data collection was the questionnaire. Reliability of the instrument determined with Cronbach alpha method which yielded a coefficient of 0.40, 0.80, 0.75 and 0.68 sections A- D respectively. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation. The major findings were direct cost of type 2 DM of ₦52,104.28 and indirect cost of ₦139,659.60. The mean monthly catastrophic type 2 diabetic costs in this study were direct cost 20.35%, indirect cost 54.55% and overall catastrophe of 37.45%. Diabetics from all socio-economic status group suffered catastrophic expenditure at 40%, 30% and 10% non-food expenditure, but the poorest socioeconomic status group had the highest incidence. At 40% threshold catastrophic expenditure by socio economic status were 44.6%, 27.4%, 17.8% and 13.9% poorest (q1) to the least poor (q4) respectively. At a variable threshold of 10% for the poorest and 30% for the least poor the catastrophic costs were 83.8% and 36.1% respectively. Private funding (Out of Pocket spending and instalment payment) were the major payment strategies used. The major payment coping mechanisms used were own money (earmarked savings and earnings), behavioural payment coping mechanisms (instalment purchase of drugs) and social support (family and friends paid). There was significant relationship between socio-economic status and catastrophic type 2 DM costs (p < 0.05). Social support (community based insurance), health insurance and prepayment, disposal of assets, community based support and cost saving/evading behaviours were significantly related to socio-economic status of the respondents. It was concluded that the economic burden of type 2 DM is high and that people living with type 2 DM pay using private funds and incur catastrophic expenditure. In order to reduce catastrophic expenditure, policies that will make services free at the point of delivery are advocated. This will reduce incidence of DM complication, morbidity and mortality from type 2 DM as well as reduce productivity losses.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Approval page ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of contents vi
List of tables vii
Abstract viii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
Background to the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 4
Purpose of the Study 5
Objectives of the Study 5
Research Hypothesis 5
Significance of the Study 6
Scope of the Study 7
Operational Definition of Terms 7
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
Concept of Diabetes Mellitus 9
Types of Diabetes Mellitus 10
Risk Factors/causes of Diabetes 12
Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus 14
Management of Diabetes 17
Concept of Catastrophic Health Expenditure 22
Catastrophic Health Expenditure in Nigeria 29
Payment Strategies in Healthcare 30
Payment Coping Mechanism 37
Conceptual Framework for the Study 41
Empirical Review 45
Summary of reviewed Literature 56
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHOD
Research Design 58
Area of Study 58
Target Population 59
Sample 59
Inclusion Criteria 60
Sampling Procedure 60
Instrument for Data Collection 60
Validity of Instrument 61
Reliability of the Instrument 62
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Ethical Consideration 62
Procedure for Data Collection 62
Method of Data Analysis 63
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTAION OF RESULT
Summary of Findings 85
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
Discussion of Findings 87
Conclusion 101
Implication of the Findings 102
Recommendations 102
Summary 104
Limitations of the Study 106
Suggestions for further Studies 108
References 110
Appendices 119
Appendix I- The questionnaire 120
Appendix II- Ethical clearance 128
Appendix III- Patient informed consent form 129
, E (2022). Economic Burden, Payment Strategies and Payment Coping Mechanism Among Type2 Diabetic Patients Attending a Tertiary Health Institution in Abia State, South East Nigeria. Afribary. Retrieved from https://afribary.com/works/economic-burden-payment-strategies-and-payment-coping-mechanism-among-type2-diabetic-patients-attending-a-tertiary-health-institution-in-abia-state-south-east-nigeria-2
, EKPEMIRO "Economic Burden, Payment Strategies and Payment Coping Mechanism Among Type2 Diabetic Patients Attending a Tertiary Health Institution in Abia State, South East Nigeria" Afribary. Afribary, 16 Oct. 2022, https://afribary.com/works/economic-burden-payment-strategies-and-payment-coping-mechanism-among-type2-diabetic-patients-attending-a-tertiary-health-institution-in-abia-state-south-east-nigeria-2. Accessed 02 Nov. 2024.
, EKPEMIRO . "Economic Burden, Payment Strategies and Payment Coping Mechanism Among Type2 Diabetic Patients Attending a Tertiary Health Institution in Abia State, South East Nigeria". Afribary, Afribary, 16 Oct. 2022. Web. 02 Nov. 2024. < https://afribary.com/works/economic-burden-payment-strategies-and-payment-coping-mechanism-among-type2-diabetic-patients-attending-a-tertiary-health-institution-in-abia-state-south-east-nigeria-2 >.
, EKPEMIRO . "Economic Burden, Payment Strategies and Payment Coping Mechanism Among Type2 Diabetic Patients Attending a Tertiary Health Institution in Abia State, South East Nigeria" Afribary (2022). Accessed November 02, 2024. https://afribary.com/works/economic-burden-payment-strategies-and-payment-coping-mechanism-among-type2-diabetic-patients-attending-a-tertiary-health-institution-in-abia-state-south-east-nigeria-2