EFFECTS OF SPONDIAS MOMBIN ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT ON HAEMOSTATIC AND HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC MALE WISTAR RATS.

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CHAPTERONE

1.1INTRODUCTION.

Haemostasisisthatbodilymechanismthatpreventsexcessivebloodlossfromthebody

duringdamagetotissues.Thehaemostaticsystemrepresentsadelicatebalancebetweenpro-

coagulantandanti-coagulantmechanismslinkedtoaprocessoffibrinolysis(Sandhyarani&

Kumar2014).Therearefivemajorcomponentsinvolvedinthehaemostaticsystemandthese

includes;platelets,coagulationfactors,coagulationinhibitors,fibrinolysisandblood

vessels(Guyton&Hall2006).Haemostasisisalifesavingprocessandso,thestudyof

substancesthatfacilitateitsprocessisofmedicinalimportance(Sandhyarani&Kumar2014).

Thehealingpowersembeddedinplantshavebeenstudiedforcenturies,withmost

pharmaceuticaldrugsderivedfromthem.Medicinalplantsaremostlyusedinruralareas

aroundtheworldespeciallyinthetropics,wherethereisabundanceofflora.Plantsarerelied

uponinalmosteverypartofAfricaforthetreatmentofailmentsanddiseases.Otherslikethe

Anarcardiumoccidentale(Arokoyoetal.2015)andGongronemalatifolium(Oguwikeetal.

2013)arenotablelocallyfortheirabilitytoarrestbleeding.Unfortunately,onlyfewofthese

medicinalplantshavebeenscientificallyvalidated(Tanko,etal.,2007).

AmongstthevarietiesofplantsusedfortheirmedicinalpurposesistheSpondiasmombin.

SpondiasmombinisafructiferoustreehavinghabitatinNigeria,Brazilandseveralother

tropicalforestsintheworld.ThisplantisreadilycommonintheSouth-WestofNigeria

(Yorubalands)andiscommonlyusedinfolkmedicine.Spondiasmombin,commonlyknown

inEnglishasHogplumbelongstothefamilyAnacardiacae.Itgrowsintherainforestandin

thecoastalareas,reachingaheightof15–22mandhasshowntobeveryrichinvitaminsB

andC.Itsfruitmostlyexistsinanovalform(Ayokaetal.2008).Intoughclimates,when

freshwaterisunavailable,waterfromtherootsofS.mombin(Spondiasmombin)canbe

drunk.Itsshoottasteslikecassavaandcanbeeatenraworboiled.Theseedsarealsoedible

(Orwaetal.2009).S.mombinistraditionallyusedasapurgative,anthelmintic,analgesic,

haemostaticandremedyforcoughandgonorrhoea(Burkill,1985).Theplantisalsoincluded

inantidiabetic/antihyperglycaemicherbalremediesinarecentethnobotanicalsurveyofSouth

WesternNigeria(Gboladeetal.2011).

Diabetesmellitusisametabolicdisorderthatiscausedbyoxidativestresswhichinduces

insulinresistanceintheperipheraltissuesandimpairsinsulinsecretionfrompancreaticβ-

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cells.Itischaracterisedbychronichighbloodglucose(Hyperglycaemia)thatcouldleadto

morbidityandmortality.Itisalsooneofthemostprevalentdiseasesintheworldaffecting

nearly25%ofthepopulation(Alberti,1998;Wang,etal.,2006).

Diabeticshaveskinulcers,impairedhaemostaticactivitiesandslowwoundhealingasaresult

ofpoorbloodflowlinkedtoinsufficientabnormalangiogenesis(Kotaetal.2012).This

healinginpatientswithdiabetesmellitusischaracterisedbyreducedtensilestrengthof

woundswhencomparedwithhealthyindividuals,suggestingeitherdefectivematrix

productionordeposition(Fergusson,etal.,1996).Alsothereistheproblemoffragilityofthe

epithelialwallofbloodvesselsduetopoorcapillarybedformationbyendothelialcelland

weakreticularnetworkslaidbythefibroblastcoupledwiththeslowwoundhealingandthis

predisposesthepatientinthelongruntohaemorrhagicconditionscharacterisedbyfrequent

blood loss.For example: Diabetic vitreous haemorrhage whichoccurs whenthe retina

becauseofthefragilityofbloodvesselssupplyingitandpoorbloodflowandoxygensupply,

beginstoundergoabnormalangiogenesisorproductionoffragilebloodvessels(whichtends

toruptureeasily)fromtheretina.Thisbloodvesselsdonotsupplytheretinawithoxygen

instead,theyenterthevitreoushumouroftheeyeandcausebloodtoleakintoit,resultingto

suddenlossofvision.Itistheleadingcauseofblindnessindiabeticpatientsbetweentheages

of20-60years(SouthDevonHealthcareNHS2014;Limetal.2015).

Coupledwiththisdeficiency,thereisalsotheproblemofreducedbloodlevelandsevere

derangementinvarioushaematologicalparameters.Thisresultsinthehighprevalenceof

anaemiaidentifiedindiabeticpatients(Al-Khoury,etal.,2006;Ezenwaka,etal.,2008).

About27%ofpatientswithdiabetesareanaemicandthisshowsthehighprecedenceof

haematologicalderangementindiabeticpatients(Dipta,etal.,2009).

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EFFECTS OF SPONDIAS MOMBIN ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACT ON HAEMOSTATIC AND HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF ALLOXAN-INDUCED DIABETIC MALE WISTAR RATS.

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