ABSTRACT Since the pre-colonial period, women have been organising themselves in diverse ways. This study sought to examine the transformation of women self-help groups in Maragua, Murang‟a County from 1895 to 2013. The study examined women experiences in their self-help groups evaluating how they have evolved and remained resilient in the wake of changing times, adapting and adjusting accordingly. 1895 is a significant year because Kenya became a British protectorate and consequently there...
ABSTRACT The study focused on agricultural transformation in Nyamira County between 1945 and 2002.The study objectives included process of agricultural transformation and policies during the onset of the Second World War, drivers of agricultural transformation in the County since 1945.The study also examined the socialeconomic effects of agricultural transformation between 1979 and 2002.The year 1945 was important to the study because after the Second World War, for the first time in history...
ABSTRACT Masculinity denotes the attributes that a particular society judges to be ideally associated with men and boys. It is distinct from maleness, a biological and physiological classification concerned with male reproductive system. Masculinity entails socially constructed features, behaviour and secondary sex characteristics associated with men. Among the Chuka, the definition of manhood is not only complex but also embedded in the practice of circumcision.Thus circumcision is a proces...
ABSTRACT According to 1999 Population and Housing Census, an estimated 4.2 million adults in Kenya were illiterate, 60% being women. According to vision 2030, Kenya aims at achieving 80% adult literacy in order to transit the country to a middle level economy. This study investigates the determinants of access and effective participation of Adult Basic Education Programmes in Nakuru-North District, Nakuru County, from independence to 2014. This study area has been experiencing poor participa...
ABSTRACT The study examined socio-cultural changes in the farming and use of Miraa (Catha edulis) in Igembe District of Meru County in Kenya from 1940-2014. The Meru comprises of nine sub-ethnic groups namely Chuka, Muthambi, Mwimbi, Igoji, Miutine, Imenti, Tigania, Igembe and Tharaka. Miraa is grown intensively in Meru by the Igembe and Tigania sub-ethnic groups. It is of prime economic importance for the region as it feeds a growing national and international market. However, it is a ...
ABSTRACT This study acknowledges that communities in Kenya have cordially interacted with one another in various ways both in the pre-colonial, colonial and post-independence period. These cordial relations are sometimes interrupted by inter-ethnic conflicts that are either latent or manifest in nature. Most of these conflicts in Kenya are perpetrated by small militia groups which are consistently most active in the last and first quarters of each year following raiding patterns that tend to ...
ABSTRACT Female Circumcision (FC) has been an issue of debate globally in the recent past, with intense campaigns against the practice. A practice that was initially carried out in many communities in the world, started facing hostility from the legal and human rights activists as a violation of human rights. Nevertheless, this practice has persisted even after the ban globally in states such as New Zealand, and most African nations including Kenya. Owing to the prohibition of the practice of...
ABSTRACT This study examined the transformation of the culture of widow guardianship among the Luo of Homa Bay County from 1920 to 2014.The study was guided by four objectives namely: to interrogate the importance of widow guardianship in Luo society, examine the extent to which colonialism and missionary activities affected the practice, analyze how the culture has been practiced in the post-colonial period among the Luo and investigate the extent to which it has been transformed in the cont...
ABSTRACT This study covers the Nyamwezi people who have been living in Pemba Island since 1890. Its purpose is to understand the socio-economic contributions made by the Nyamwezi people in Pemba. The major survey was done in five different sample villages in the northern part of Pemba Island, where Nyamwezi people settled for many years. Different data collection methods were used in this study, such as interviews, questionnaires, focus group discussions and some published and unpublished d...
In this paper, we bring together the concepts put forth in our previous papers and throw new light on how the Indo-Europeanization of the world may have happened from the conventional Central Asian homeland and explain the same using maps and diagrams. We also propose the ‘Ten modes of linguistic transformations associated with Human migrations.’ With this, the significance of the proposed term ‘Base Indo-European’ in lieu of the old term ‘Proto Indo-European’ will become abundant...
This paper brings together all available evidence for literacy in Post-Harappan India, still popularly known as Iron age Vedic India, most of which have been endorsed by mainstream researchers in some way or the other in the recent past and brings into attention the need to revise all earlier models dealing with literacy in Post-Harappan India to bring them in line with latest acculturation models and mainstream models of the development of alphabetic scripts. More importantly we refute the t...
The concluding part of this paper extends the concepts presented in Part One and provides a century by century view of how the transformation of Harappan India to PostHarappan India took place with maps so that readers can evaluate for themselves how different aspects of Indian culture got formed. Everything in this paper is presented using a figure-it-outfor-yourself approach, and naturally, anyone who refutes one part of this hypothesis, would contradict himself elsewhere. That would elimin...
Part One of this paper provides a case for rejecting the Autochthonous Aryan theory and proposes an alternative to the Aryan Migration Theory, i.e. it examines why the genetic input from Central Asia may have been extremely small and how the Spread of IE language and culture in India might have occurred in trickle in scenarios i.e. when movements of IE speakers were small. It suggests that the IE speakers first migrated into and settled in the northernmost tip of the subcontinent, trickled in...
This paper argues against the Dravidian, Vedic and Paramunda Indus theories, and shows why Dravidian languages, Sanskrit or Paramunda languages could not have been candidates for the Indus Valley Civilization which flourished from 2600 BC to 1900 BC in the North-West of India and Pakistan. Supporters of these three hypotheses are welcome to provide a systematic refutation of all the points raised in this paper. This paper adopts a multi-disciplinary approach, drawing conclusions from many dif...
This paper extends the concepts delineated in our earlier paper ‘Historiography by Objectives: A new approach for the study of history within the framework of the proposed Twenty-first Century school of Historiography’ and uses them to enunciate the core principles which we believe will form a part of the proposed Twenty-first century school of Historiography. This paper therefore strives to provide the vehicular platform upon which the objectives set forth in the aforesaid paper should b...