Ovulation Induction in Dromedary She – camels by using two Different protocols During non Breeding Season

Abstract The study was conducted in the camel research center (CRC)( Shambat )to compare the effect of two hormonal protocols in ovulation induction in dromedary she- camel ( Camelus dromedarius ) during non breeding season. Number of eleven she – camels with varying age (6 – 17 years) and the average body weight from (250 – 350 kg ) and one male used for mating were selected for this experiment. The experimental animals were divided into three groups : group (A) control group ( N =3), group (B), (N = 3) intravenous injection with 1500 IU HCG 10 ml group ( c), ( N= 5) intravenous injection with 1000 IU of FOLLIGON (PMSG). Ovulation was observed in all experimental groups .The proportion of ovulation (4/5 , 2/3 , 1/3) 80%, 67 % 33% PMSG , control and HCG respectively. The confirmation of the ovulation was done by ultrasonographic examination .Results of the present study demonstrated that there is a highly significant difference between HCG ,PMSG and control group in induction of ovulation in dromedary she – camel during non breeding season (P≤ 0.05) also there is significant difference in number and size of ovarian follicle in left and right ovary (P≤ 0.05). In PMSG group ovulation occurred after 48 h post injection .In HCG group the ovulation occurred after 5 days post injection . The study concluded that for ovulation to occur the size of the mature ovarian follicle should reach size of 0.7 – 3cm.

Koranic Verse I

Dedication 7

Acknowledgments 7

Abstract 7

Arabic Abstract 7

list of Contents I 7

Table of Contents 7

Chapter :Introduction & Objective 1 – 3

Chapter 2 : literature review 4- 25

2-1 – The Camel 4

2-1-1- Domestication Of Camel 5 – 6

2-1-2- Camel Classification 6-7

2-1-3- Camel Economic Importance 7 -8

2-1-4- Camel In Sudan 7 – 8

2-1-5-Camel Distribution &Number 9- 10

2-1-6- Camel Breeds Of The Sudan 10

2-1-7- Camel Reproduction 11 – 12

2-1-7-1- Camel Puberty 12

2-1-7-2-Camel Fertility & Infertility 13

2-1-7-3- Camel Breeding Season 13 – 14

2-1-7-4- Camel Steaming Up 15

2-1-7-5-Camel Estrus Cycle& 16- 19

Ovulation

8

2-1-7-6- Follicular Waves Pattern 19- 20

2-1-7-7- Sexual Cycle Of Male 20-21

Camel

2-1-7-8- Rutting Behavior 21-22

2-1-7-9- Copulation 22

2-1-7-10- Pregnancy Of Camel 23

2-1-7-11-Pregnancy Diagnosis 23-24

2-1-7-12- The Main Challenge 24-25

Facing Camel Reproduction

Chapter 3 : Material & Methods 26- 29

3-1- Site Of The Experiment 26

3-2- Duration Of The Study 26

3-3- Building & Housing 26

3-4- Herd Structure 27

3-5- Feeding Program 27

3-6- The Experiment 27

3-7- Hormonal Protocol 27

3-8- Ovarian Examination 28

3-9- Ultraonographic Examination 28

3-10- Mating Program 29

3-11- Statistical Analysis 29

Chapter 4 Results &Discussion 30-39

Conclusion &Recomendation 40

References 41- 49

Appendix 50 – 69