Biotechnology research and development is moving at a very fast rate. In broad terms, Biotechnology can be defined as any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof to make or modify products or processes for specific use. This range from the use of synthetic hormones in induced breeding hybridization, production of monosex, uniparental and polyploid Molecular biology, transgenic fish to gene banking.
CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION Biotechnology research and development are moving at a very fast rate. The subject has assumed greatest importance in recent years in the development of agriculture and human health. The science of biotechnology has endowed us with new tools and tremendous power to create novel genes and gene type of plant, animals, including fish. In broad terms, biotechnology can be defined as any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use. This ranges from the use of synthetic hormones in induced breeding, hybridization, production of monosex, uniparental and polyploidy, molecular biology, transgenic fish to gene banking. There is considerable interest worldwide in applying genetic engineering to aquaculture (Chen and Richard 1998). One reason is that as the world catch of wild fish is rapidly approaching the estimated maximum potential harvest at 100-150 million tons, an increasing demand for marine proteins is likely to be provided by aquaculture. Another reason is that genetic engineering has a potential to tailor fish species for cost efficient aquaculture production of fish proteins, either alone or in combination with traditional breeding technique. Due to the increase in growth rate of the world population, the demand for fish is soaring worldwide and it appears unlikely that the increasing demand can be met through increased natural harvests as many of the oceans and natural freshwater fisheries are being harvested to their limit. Aquaculture unlike capture
2 fisheries requires deliberate human intervention in the organism productivity and yields that exceeds those from the natural environment. Aquaculture, therefore, remains the last hope for providing enough fish for the world, but with limited land and water space. Aquaculture biotechnology, therefore, has come to have a key role to play as it can make a great contribution to improving aquaculture yields. The application of biotechnology to various production systems does not come without its negative impacts but even still, the merits far outweigh the associated concerns because the techniques are constantly being developed thereby reducing the negative impacts thereof. Therefore, there is need to adopt biotechnological practices if the world is to stand any chance of achieving food security. The application of biotechnology in the aquaculture sector is a relatively recent practice. Nevertheless, it is a promising area to enhance fish production. The increased application of biotechnology tools can certainly revolutionize our fish farming besides its role in biodiversity. Research shows that some of the modern genetic technologies are already extensively applied by the diverse aquaculture industries, though not to the same extent for all important aquaculture species (according to FAO 1998 figures). The tremendous impact that biotechnology is having in aquaculture has been particularly obvious in recent years. Chromosome set manipulation techniques, which allow sex-manipulation and sterilization, and transgenic techniques that provide improvements in somatic growth, disease resistance and cold resistance (Tsai, 2003; Rasmussen and Morrissey, 2007; Dunham, 2009), are clear examples of the importance of the application of biotechnology in the aquaculture industry. Some species (common carp, Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout, channel catfish, African catfish, Nile tilapia, and the Pacific oyster) received concentrated breeding efforts, while other major
3 cultured species (Chinese and Indian carps ) received, so far, relatively limited attention, and a few species (blue mussel, white Amur bream, and milkfish) have, apparently, not been genetically improved at all. Most of the genetically improved strains reaching the aquaculture industry were developed through traditional selective breeding (selection, crossbreeding, and hybridization). Emerging, more modern technologies for genetic manipulation seem to take 10–20 years from being established experimentally until applications affect the industry. Thus, chromosome-set and sex manipulations started to affect the industry during the 1980‘s and 1990‘s. DNA marker technology and gene manipulations have yet hardly affected the industry. The former have not matured yet, but hold much promise. The latter could have affected the industry already had it not been restricted by public concern. The world fisheries are in a period of crisis. Many major fish stocks are showing precipitous declines in productivity due to overfishing and further increases are not anticipated under the current global conditions and environment. The development of improved fish seed stocks that can contribute to increased fish production is seen as one of the key solutions to meeting the future food demands of the growing world population. Biotechnology has opened a new window for development of genetic resources in aquaculture. Aquaculture genetics shows immense potential for enhancing production in a way that meets aquaculture development goals for the new millennium (Akankali et al., 2009). Biotechnology has the potential to enhance reproduction and the early developmental success of culture organism. The technology is used in several different ways in aquaculture and its application benefits both producers and consumers of aquaculture products. Biotechnology has played an important role in the growth of aquaculture to its present state of development, and we can anticipate that biotechnology has the potential to revolutionize fish culture as we know it
4 over the next decade or so. Biotechnology has two major roles in aquaculture: it can improve the economic efficiency of aquaculture and it can also contribute to the sustainability of aquaculture and the protection of wild stocks. The responsible and appropriate application of biotechnology will enable the development of sustainable aquaculture and facilitate the concurrent maintenance of wild stocks for their commercial, recreational and inherent aesthetic value. Due to the increase in growth rate of the world population, the demand for fish is soaring worldwide and it appears unlikely that the increasing demand can be met through increased natural harvests as many of the oceans and natural freshwater fisheries are being harvested to their limit. Aquaculture biotechnology, therefore, has come to have a key role to play as it can make a great contribution to improving aquaculture yields. The application of biotechnology to various production systems does not come without its negative impacts but even still, the merits far outweigh the associated concerns because the techniques are constantly being developed thereby reducing the negative impacts thereof. Therefore, there is need to adopt biotechnological practices if the world is to stand any chance of achieving food security. Biotechnology has the potential to enhance reproduction and the early developmental success of culture organism. The technology is used in several different ways in aquaculture and its application benefits both producers and consumers of aquaculture product. Biotechnology provides powerful tools for the sustainable development of aquaculture, fisheries, as well as the food industry. Increased public demand for seafood and decreasin///
Adelowo, S. (2019). APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR GENETIC IMPROVEMENT IN FISH FARMING A CASE OF AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus. Afribary. Retrieved from https://afribary.com/works/seminar-application-of-biotechnology-for-genetic-improvement-in-fish-farming-a-case-of-african-catfish-clarias-gariepinus
Adelowo, Solomon "APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR GENETIC IMPROVEMENT IN FISH FARMING A CASE OF AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus" Afribary. Afribary, 21 Oct. 2019, https://afribary.com/works/seminar-application-of-biotechnology-for-genetic-improvement-in-fish-farming-a-case-of-african-catfish-clarias-gariepinus. Accessed 05 Nov. 2024.
Adelowo, Solomon . "APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR GENETIC IMPROVEMENT IN FISH FARMING A CASE OF AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus". Afribary, Afribary, 21 Oct. 2019. Web. 05 Nov. 2024. < https://afribary.com/works/seminar-application-of-biotechnology-for-genetic-improvement-in-fish-farming-a-case-of-african-catfish-clarias-gariepinus >.
Adelowo, Solomon . "APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR GENETIC IMPROVEMENT IN FISH FARMING A CASE OF AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus" Afribary (2019). Accessed November 05, 2024. https://afribary.com/works/seminar-application-of-biotechnology-for-genetic-improvement-in-fish-farming-a-case-of-african-catfish-clarias-gariepinus