The Effects Of Aflatoxin Contaminated Feed With Or Without A Commercial Binder On Broiler Performance

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION AND RECOMMENDATION ............................................................... ii

COPYRIGHT ..................................................................................................................... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. iv

SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... v

LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. x

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ........................................................... xi

CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1

INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background Information ........................................................................................... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................... 2

1.3 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 2

1.3.1 General objective ................................................................................................. 2

1.3.2 Specific objectives ................................................................................................ 2

1.4 Hypotheses ................................................................................................................. 3

1.5 Justification ................................................................................................................ 3

CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................ 4

LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 4

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 4

2.2 Types of Mycotoxins found in feeds .......................................................................... 5

2.2.1 Fumonisins ........................................................................................................... 6

2.2.2 Trichothecene ...................................................................................................... 7

2.2.3 Zearalenone ......................................................................................................... 7

2.2.4 Ochratoxins ......................................................................................................... 7

2.2.5 Aflatoxins (AFs) ................................................................................................... 7

2.3 Diagnosis of Mycotoxicosis ........................................................................................ 8

2.4 Techniques for Aflatoxins Detection and Analysis ................................................... 9

2.5 Occurrence of Aflatoxins ......................................................................................... 11

2.6 Legislations on Aflatoxins levels in Feeds and Foods ............................................. 12

2.7 Metabolism of Aflatoxins in Animals and Humans ................................................ 12

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2.8 Effects of Aflatoxins on Livestock and Human Beings ........................................... 14

2.8.1 Effects of Aflatoxins on human health .............................................................. 14

2.8.2 Effects of Aflatoxins on animals ........................................................................ 15

2.9 Economic Impact of Aflatoxins ............................................................................... 18

2.10 Prevention and control of Aflatoxins .................................................................... 18

2.11 Remedies to Aflatoxicosis ...................................................................................... 19

CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 21

PREVALENCE OF AFLATOXINS CONTAMINATION IN COMMERCIAL BROILER FEEDS IN NAKURU, KENYA ..................................................................... 21

3.1 Abstract .................................................................................................................... 21

3.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 21

3.3.1 Survey sites and sampling procedure ............................................................... 22

3.3.2 Analysis of samples ............................................................................................ 23

3.3.3 Statistical data analysis ..................................................................................... 24

3.4 Results ...................................................................................................................... 24

3.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 25

3.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 26

CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................. 27

THE EFFECTS OF LOW AFLATOXIN LEVEL AND COMMERCIAL BINDER ON DIGESTIBILITY AND BROILER PERFORMANCE ................................................... 27

4.1 Abstract .................................................................................................................... 27

4.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 28

4.3 Experiment 1: Effects of low level Aflatoxins contamination and binder (Mycosorb®) on broiler performance ............................................................................ 29

4.3.1 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................... 29

4.3.2 Results ................................................................................................................ 33

4.4 Experiment 2: Effects of diets on dry matter and Aflatoxins digestibility ............ 35

4.4.1 Materials and methods ...................................................................................... 35

4.4.2 Results ................................................................................................................ 36

4.6 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 38

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CHAPTER FIVE............................................................................................................... 39

GENERAL DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS.......................................................... 39

5.1 Aim of the study ....................................................................................................... 39

5.2 Study methodology .................................................................................................. 39

5.3 General discussion ................................................................................................... 40

5.4 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 42

5.5 Recommendations .................................................................................................... 42

5.6 Research Gaps ......................................................................................................... 42

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 43

APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 49