Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Eucalyptus globulus leaves in the diet of Heterobranchus bidorsalis Fingerlings

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ABSTRACT

This project work was carried out to determine the Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Eucalyptus globulus leaves in the diet of Heterobranchus bidorsalis Fingerlings. Growth and nutrient utilization was studied for 70 days in 50 liters rectangular plastic tanks. Tanks were grouped into five (5) treatments in triplicates (ControlR1-3), (EG1R1-3), (EG2R1-3), (EG3R1-3) and (EG4R1-3). One hundred and fifty (150) fingerlings of Heterobranchus bidorsalis used were randomly distributed at a stocking density of ten fish per tank. Fingerlings of Heterobranchus bidorsalis (mean initial weight 12.24±0.01g) were fed with five iso-nitrogenous diets (40% crude protein) prepared with E. globulus leaves at varying inclusion levels of 0% (Control), 0.5% (EG1), 1.0% (EG2), 1.5% (EG3) and 2.0% (EG4) at 5% body weight with the formulated diets to determine the growth performance and nutrient utilization. Length and weight of fish samples were measured every two (2) weeks and used as growth parameters. At the end of the experiment, fish fed with no inclusion level of E. globulus leaves (Control) gave the highest growth performance and nutrient utilization (21.18±3.88g), closely followed by the fish fed with the inclusion level of 0.5% of E. globulus leaves (EG1) (19.75±0.61g). All data collected were subjected to one-way analysis of variance and means were separated using Duncans multiple range test. There were no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) in the weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio in fish fed with no inclusion level of E. globulus leaves compared to other treatments. The result obtained revealed that an increase in the inclusion level of E. globulus, beyond 0.5% results in a decline in growth rate of Heterobranchus bidorsalis fingerlings. There were significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) in the survival rate of fish fed with 0.5% and 1.0% inclusion level of E. globulus leaves when compared with other treatments. The best survival rate (100%) was observed in 0.5% and 1.0% inclusion level of E. globulus leaves. There were no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) in the carcass characteristics (including the Dressing Percentage, Flesh Percentage, By-Product Percentage and Hepatosomatic Index) of the treatments when compared with the Control. Fish fed with 0.5% inclusion level of E. globulus leaves had the highest flesh percentage (99.01±0.13) when compared with other treatments. Fish fed with 1.5% inclusion level of E. globulus leaves had the highest by-product percentage (47.24±0.74) when compared with other treatments. Fish fed with 2.0% inclusion level of E. globulus leaves had the highest Hepatosomatic Index (1.01±0.12) when compared with other treatments. The inclusion level of 0.5% and 1.0% in Heterobranchus bidorsalis fingerlings improved the survival rate. It is therefore concluded that the optimum inclusion level of E. globulus leaves to achieve maximum growth is 0.5%.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CERTIFICATION ii

DEDICATION iii

AKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v-vi

TABLE OF CONTENT vii-ix

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF PLATES xi

CHAPTER ONE 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 JUSTIFICATION 5

1.2 OBJECTIVES 6

CHAPTER TWO 7

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1 CLASSIFICATION OF HETEROBRANCHUS SPECIES 7

2.2 BIOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF HETEROBRANCHUS 8

2.3 BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING THE SELECTION OF HETEROBRANCHUS SPECIESFOR AQUACULTURE 9

2.4 NUTRIENTS REQUIREMENT OF HETEROBRANCHUS SPECIES 11

2.5 ARTIFICIAL FEEDS I SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDSTUFF 11

2.6 Eucalyptus globulus 14

2.6.1 Scientific classification of Eucalyptus globulus 15

CHAPTER THREE 17

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 17

3.1 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP 17

3.2 COLLECTION AND PREPARATION OF PLANT MATERIALS 17

3.3 PREPARATION OF EXPERIMENTAL DIETS 17

3.4 PROCUREMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL FISH AND FEEDING TRIAL 19

3.5 MONITORING OF WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS 19

3.6 GROWTH PERFORMANCE 20

3.6.1 Weight Gain 20

3.6.2 Percentage Weight Gain 20

3.6.3 Specific Growth Rate 20

3.6.4 Condition Factor (K) 20

3.6.5 Survival Rate (%) 20

3.7 FEED UTILIZATION 21

3.7.1 Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) 21

3.7.2 Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) 21

3.7.3 Energy Utilization (EU) 21

3.7.4 Feed Efficiency Ratio (FER) 21

3.7.5 Apparent Protein Utilization (APU) 21

3.8 CARCASS CHARACERISTICS 21

3.8.1 Dressing Percentage 21

3.8.2 By-Product Percentage 22

3.8.3 Flesh Percentage 22

3.8.4 Hepatosomatic Index 22

3.9 PROXIMATE ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL FISH 22

3.9.1 Crude Protein Content 22

3.9.2 Lipid Content 23

3.9.3 Moisture Content 23

3.9.4 Ash 23

3.9.5 Carbohydrate 24

3.10 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 24

CHAPTER FOUR 25

4.0 RESULTS 25

4.1 Proximate Composition of Eucalyptus globulus leaves 25

4.2 Water Quality Parameters 26

4.3 Proximate Analysis of the Experimental Diet 27

4.4 Proximate Composition of H. bidorsalis fingerlings prior to feeding 29

4.5 Proximate Analysis of the Experimental Fish 30

4.6 Mean Growth Performance and Feed Utilization of H. bidorsalis Fingerlings Fed Experimental Diets for 70 days 32

4.7 Carcass Characteristics of the Experimental Fish 34

CHAPTER FIVE 35

5.0 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 35

5.1 DISCUSSION 35

5.1.1 Water Quality Parameters 35

5.1.2 Proximate Composition of Experimental Diet 35

5.1.3 Proximate Composition of Experimental fish fed with E. globulus Supplemented Diet 36

Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Eucalyptus globulus leaves in the diet of Heterobranchus bidorsalis Fingerlings

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