ABSTRACT Despite more than a century of efforts to eradicate and control malaria, it still remains a major risk to public health and economies of countries in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Control of malaria has been based on eradication of the vector, mosquito, by use of pesticides. In order to reduce malaria incidence, some African countries are re-introducing the banned dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), however, organophosphates are known to have far more immediat...
ABSTRACT Mineral data shows several deposits of copper and titanium minerals in Kenya yet the country continues to import copper and titanium products. In some regions of Tharaka Nithi County, occurs ores that are known to contain both copper and titanium minerals. These minerals have never been earmarked for extraction mainly because the common methods known for extraction are expensive. In addition, the hydrometallurgical or pyrometallurgical process used in copper extraction releases green...
ABSTRACT Cancer has become a key public health affliction worldwide. Recent studies have shown that genetic factors cause only 5–10% of all human cancers, while the rest are caused by lifestyle. Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown that chronic inflammatory diseases predispose individuals to various types of cancer. An estimated 20 % of all cancer related deaths globally arise from primary infections and inflammation. Current treatments for cancer include radiotherapy, chemothera...
ABSTRACT This thesis is in two parts. Part I involves a study of the straight chain alkanes containing many carbon atom. These are important analogues of polyethylene, a versatile industrial raw material. Although they can be derived from natural fats or waxes or Prom ethylene oligomers, they are never obtained pure. The physical properties of linear polyethylenes can be better understood if pure paraffing of comperable chain length could be synthesised and analysed. Here long chain aliphatic...
ABSTRACT Convulsion is a chronic neurological disorder that develops in up to 5% of the world’s population with prevalence of nearly 88% occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa, prompting serious medical, social, health related stigma and discrimination. Although a number of antiepileptic drugs (AED) are available for patients, most of the drugs have been associated with adverse side effects, dose-related neurotoxicity and teratogenic effects besides the AED therapy failures reported in approximate...
ABSTRACT The kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of nitro-activated diphenyl ethers with substituted anilines in benzene have been investigated. The reactions except that of 2', 6'- dinitro phenyi 2, 4, 6- trinitrophenyl ether are base catalysed. For some of the nucleophiles, the rates decreased with increasing temperature in the range 5 - 35 °C resulting in negative enthalpies of activation (AH" -4.1 to -20.0 kJmol. This can be rationalised in terms of a step-wise mechanism involving (...
ABSTRACT A series of the Baylis-Hillman adducts 133 were obtained by reacting unprotected substituted and unsubstituted salicylaldehydes with tert-butyl acrylate for three to fourteen days, using 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) as nucleophilic catalysts in 25-69% yields. Oxidation of these adducts led to unexpected cyclization products: tert-butyl 6-bromochromene-3-carboxylate 149. Another series of the Baylis-Hillman adducts were obtained by reacting protected Obenzylated salicylaldeh...
ABSTRACT The Genus Blastocystis was first described from the faecal contents of animals by Alexieff in 1911 and named Blastocystis enterocola, cyst of a flagellate and upon its isolation from the faeces of humans the following year by Brumpt; it was re-named Blastocystis hominis but classified as yeast and non- pathogenic in humans (Tan et al., 2002). As a result of the ensuing confusion of unsettled taxonomy, Blastocystis spp. was not included in any of the systematic classifications of the ...
TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ii DECLARATION iii CERTIFICATION iv DEDICATION v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi TABLE OF CONTENTS viii LIST OF TABLES xviii LIST OF FIGURES xxiii SCHEME OF REACTIONS xxix EQUATIONS xxxi LIST OF PLATES xxxi DEFINITION OF OPERATIONAL TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xxxii ABSTRACT xxxvii CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of Study 1 1.2 Statement of Problem 2 1.3 Aim and Objectives of Study 3 1.4 Significance of Study 4 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 Schiff Bases 5 ...
ABSTRACT The geometries of various tautomers of different ring size lactams have been studied by ab initio Hatree–Fock (HF) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations at Becke, three-parameter, Lee-Yang-Parr functional (B3LYP) level by using different basis sets in both gas and solvent phase. Optimized geometries and total energies for 12 possible tautomers of studied lactams were determined. Thermodynamic properties and tautomeric equilibria between different tautomers were calculat...
Abstract - Biodiesel is becoming prominent among the alternatives to conventional petro-diesel due to economic, environmental and social factors. The quality of biodiesel is influenced by the nature of feedstock and the production processes employed. High amounts of free fatty acids (FFA) in the feedstock are known to be detrimental to the quality of biodiesel. In addition, oils with compounds containing hydroxyl groups possess high viscosity due to hydrogen bonding. American Standards and Te...
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of hydrogen cyanide in different cassava varieties from four districts of two regions namely Tanga and Mtwara and to determine how Senna singueana leaf extract reduce the amount of hydrogen cyanide in the selected samples at different temperatures of 26 °C and 36 °C. From each district most cultivated variety of cassava sample was collected in the particular area. Titrimetric method was used to determine free hydrogen cyani...
ABSTRACT Concerns about the effect of organic pollutants on humans and the environment have existed for a long time. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present a danger due to their potential carcinogenic and mutagenic capabilities. PAHs are rapidly sorbed to particles and incorporated into aquatic sediments. Sediments therefore represent the most important reservoir of PAHs in the marine environment. About 80% of the industries in Nigeria are located in Lagos and they all discharge thei...
A B S T R A C T Trends of continual drug use while under treatment have been reported worldwide. This paper assesses opioid use among patients receiving treatment in a methadone clinic for opioid addiction. A total of 126 urine samples were analyzed using LC–MS/FTMS. About 16% of patients were found to have a high prevalence level of opioids use. Prevalence level was significantly associated with the duration of treatment (p= 0.0121) and age (p =0.0328). About 125/126 patients were found t...