THE EFFECTS OF LATENESS TO WORK AND PRODUCTIVITY OF GHANA EDUCATION SERVICE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION   ii

ABSTRACT  iii

KEY WORDS  iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS  v

DEDICATION   vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS  vii

LIST OF TABLES  xii

LIST OF FIGURES  xiii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study  1

Statement of the Problem   3

Purpose of the Study  5

Research Objectives  5

Research Questions  6

Significance of the Study  6

Delimitations  7

Limitations  7

Definition of Terms  9

Organization of the Study  9

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction  11

Conceptual Framework  11

Theoretical Framework of the Study  13

Progression of Job Withdrawal Theory  13

Concept of Lateness  14

Causes of Lateness  15

Low Commitment to Work  17

Personal Characteristics  17

Occupational Characteristics  18

Effects Of Lateness To Work  25

Low Efficiency or Productivity  25

Low Confidence  25

Cost26

Absenteeism   26

Remedies to Lateness at Work  28

Step1: Setting Ground Rules  30

Step 2: Documenting Violations and Counsel30

Step 3: Using Formal Discipline Process  31

Step 4: Recognizing larger Workplace Issues can go a long way toward  Fixing Issue  31

Concept of Productivity  31

Employee Productivity  33

Effectiveness  34

Efficiency  34

Motivational Factors affecting Productivity  35

Intrinsic Motivational Factors  35

Employee Well-Being  35

Relationship with Co-workers  37

Relationship with Managers  39

Extrinsic Motivational Factors  42

Work Environment42

Compensation  44

Training and Career Development46

Theories of Motivation  49

Critique of the Theory  54

Relevance of the Theory  57

Frederick Herzberg Two-Factor Theory  57

Hygiene Factors  59

Motivation Factors  60

Critique of the Theory  61

Relevance of the Theory  62

Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory  63

Critique of the Theory  69

Relevance of the Theory  70

Factors Affecting Motivation  71

Dilemma Managers face in Motivating Employees  72

The Nexus between Motivation and Productivity  75

Empirical Evidence of Related Studies  77

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODS

Introduction  83

Research Design  83

Study Area  83

Population  85

Sample and Sampling Procedure  86

Data Collection Instrument87

Data Collection Procedure  88

Data Processing and Analysis  88

Ethical Consideration  89

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Introduction  90

Data Presentation  90

Gender of Respondents  92

Age of Respondents  92

Number of Year Employed  92

Rank/Position of Respondent:92

Research Question One: Causes of Lateness Among the Non-teaching Staff  93

Research Question Two: Effect of Lateness on Employee Productivity  98

Research Question Three: Measures Used to Control Lateness  102

Research Question Four: Challenges Faced by Management in Checking Lateness  104

Discussion of Results  105

Causes of Lateness  105

Lateness and its relationship with productivity in the Ghana Education  Service  106

Measures used in Controlling Lateness  107

Challenges faced by Managers in Controlling Lateness  108

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

Introduction  109

Summary of Findings  109

Conclusions  111

Recommendations  111

Suggestion for Further Research  112

REFERENCES  113

APPENDIX A   128

APPENDIX B   132