This unit will explain sources of health care financing and the policies guiding resource allocation. It will also describe various sources of health care financing and the health expenditure patterns. Health systems are responsible for not only improving the health of individuals, but also protecting them against the financial costs of disease and morbidity. One of the challenges faced by governments is to reduce the burden of out-of-pocket (OOP) healthcare payments for their people by provi...
The environment is defined as the complex of physical, chemical and biotic factors (as climate, soil, and living things) that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its formand survival. The World Health Organization in 2005, defined health as; “A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Environmental Health is an interdisciplinary academic field, an area of research, and an arena of ap...
Management is a universal phenomenon. It is a very popular and widely used term. All organizations - business, political, cultural or social are involved in management because it is the management which helps and directs the various efforts towards a definite purpose. According to Harold Koontz, ―Management is an art of getting things done through and with the people in formally organized groups. It is an art of creating an environment in which people can perform and individuals and can co-...
Tutor-Marked Assignment (TMA) There are Tutor-Marked Assignments in each of the unit of this course. You are advised in your own interest to attempt and go through all the assignments at your own pleasure. You will be able to complete the assignments from the information and materials contained in your reading and study units. Those to be submitted for evaluation will be communicated to you through the Study Centre. There is other self activity contained in the instructional material to facil...
Nature study was a programme designed to provide knowledge in various fields of science but in reality, the content was majorly biological sciences and that of materials. This was largely because the specialists handling nature study in schools were biology teachers, who had little or no knowledge of both the chemical and physical sciences. In Africa and other parts of the world like Europe and America, Nature study was referred to as General Science, Rural Science or Hygiene based on the cou...
Introduction This unit attempts to explain behaviour, its complexity and how this behaviour is determined. The role of heredity and environment in forming and shaping behaviour. Every behavior begins with biology. Our behaviors, as well as our thoughts and feelings, are produced by the actions of our brains, nerves, muscles, and glands. In this chapter we will begin our journey into the world of psychology by considering the biological makeup of the human being, including the most remarkable ...
The assignment highlights the global challenges of Covid-19 and HIV. Their implications and strategic approach
OUTLINE ANATOMY OF GITGERD DEFINEDSIGNS AND SYMPTOMSCONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR GERDTREATMENT OF GERDPHARMACIST’S ROLE ADVICE TO PATIENTSCASE STUDIES CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION TO PAEDIATRIC DISEASES Paediatrics is a branch of medicine that deals with the medical care of infants, children and adolescents and the age limit usually ranges from birth up to 18 years of age (WHO regulations, 2014). Subspecialties in paediatrics - Oncology -Psychiatry - Paediatric cardiology -Nephrology - Critical care medicine -Neonatal Medicine - Haematology -Endocrinology, etc PEDIATRIC DISEASES The term paediatric disease (childhood disease) refers t...
Introduction An infection is a state in which microorganisms survive and reproduce in the host’s tissues. In many instances, no noticeable changes(or symptoms) are apparent. An infectious disease results when the organism produces sufficient tissue damage through many different mechanisms. Sepsis Sepsis is a gamut of diseases, where there is a systemic response by the patient or host to a specific infection. Presentation ranges from non-localised symptoms to very severe signs with attest...
Introduction Effective communication among healthcare providers and patients has gotten noticed as an essential factor in unfavorable patient well-being results. The Join Commission campaign of "Anesthesia and Sedation” got printed in June 2014 in an attempt to spread understanding of precautions, risks, and various sorts of information to provide to individuals. The campaign aims at people who experience a condition that needs tranquility (The Joint Commission, 2014)
ABSTRACT Vernonia amygdalina (V.amygdalina) is a tropical plant whose leaves have been proven to have medicinal benefits. It has been used by natives as a remedy against constipation, malaria fever, high blood pressure and many bacterial infections, due to its proven antimicrobial activity. Recently, V.amygdalina has been used as an ethinomedicinal solution to persistent fever, headache, and joint pain associated with AIDS. Previous studies of the aqueous leaf extracts have reported sapo...
This is time related deterioration of the physiological function necessary for survival and fertility. Maximum life span- the maximum number of years a member of a specie has been known to survive. This maximum life span depends on the special Life expectancy: the age at half the population still survive, this is not the characteristics of specie or population. Why do they age? 1 The hereditary factor depending on what's going on the linage 2 loss of cellular mass and ability of cell ...
The head and neck are two examples of the perfect anatomical marriage between form and function, mixed with a dash of complexity. The neck is resilient enough to sustain a five kilogram weight 24/7, yet sufficiently mobile to move it in several directions. On the other end, the head is durable enough to protect the fragile brain but intricately designed to facilitate the passage of the complex neurovascular network. In this topic page, we’ll learn about various anatomical aspects of the hea...
Cardiac muscle, like skeletal muscle, is a striated muscle and much of the mechanism of contraction is similar between the two muscle types. The electrophysiology of the two muscles differs: First ,the cardiac action potential is not initiated by neural activity. Instead, specialized cardiac muscle tissue in the heart itself initiates the action potential, which then spreads directly from muscle cell to muscle cell. Neural influences have only a modulatory effect on the heart rate. Second, th...